Clear Channels Grip on College Radio Essay -- Media

Clear Channel Communications, owner of 1,200 stations across the United States, has been undermining the set of diversity, localism, and market completion within the music industry since the media insurance wars in the early 2000s. Since then, the radio industry arguably has lost a significant descend of the authenticity it once had. The only exception is college radio the last safe haven for musical legality. The only facet of radio not own and controlled by a major monopoly. Recently, however, Clear Channel has gone to bed with college radio stations across the country. Although the corporate monopoly has shut out authenticity and artistic integrity from the mainstream, they still want more in order to completely wipe out independent music. The 1996 Telecommunications Act was the first major everyplacehaul of telecom policy since the Communications Act of 1934 it covered everything from radio, television to cable TV (Garofalo, 440). The act removed the restrictions on the nu mber of radio stations any one smart set could own, which accelerated the trend of a small number of companies owning the vast majority of stations. Clear Channel was a primary beneficiary. In 1995, Clear Channel owned 43 stations. By the early 2000s, it owned over 1,200 stations, which took in 20 percent of the industry revenues in 2001. In addition, Clear Channel owned over 700,000 billboards it controlled 65 percent of the U.S. concert business and it posted total revenues exceeding $8 billion (Garafalo, 440). Four companies controlled 90 percent of radio and revenue in the early 2000s. Serious implications for programming occurred due to the level of ownership concentration. According to Garafolo, In one week, the forty top modern-rock stations ad... ...trick to profit. Clear Channel has taken major college stations to bed, and its not a gentle lover. Thus, local stations must not be lured by Clear Chanels mephistophelean plan. Instead, the stations must look the corporate villain into their deceiving eyes, and inform them that their conglomerating ways will not be tolerated we must preserve the last refuge of music programming and expression on the radio airwaves. Works Cited (MLA)Garofalo, Reebee. Rockin Out Popular Music in America. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, 2010. 439-40. Print.Kirkpatrick, Bill. On Radio antic Bedfellows. Antenna. 25 Mar. 2012. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. Waits, Jennifer C. Does indie Mean Independence? Freedom and Restraint in a Late 1990s US College Radio Community. The Radio diary International Studies in Broadcast and Audio Media 5.2&3 (2008) 83-96. Print.

The Need for a Systems Development Process Essay -- Business Managemen

The Need for a Systems Development ProcessThe process is needed to address business needs and opportunities in a systematic and methodical manner that maximizes potential benefits while mitigating risks. It is a methodology that takes into account all aspects of existing processes, identifying its weaknesses and bringing opportunities light.At a fairly originallyhand(predicate) stage, the feasibility of the project is examined and the powers that be are given the opportunity to nip potentially disastrous projects before they can soak up too very much cash.Additionally, the process refrains from a potentially costly commitment to a particular physical solution by focusing on the logical model before formulating alternatives.The process also ensures that the project remains on track and on focus thereby reducing the tendency for scope-creep. Mechanisms built into the process allow for inhibit and oversight. And the paper trail generated in the faithful adherence to this process all ows for a historical trace and is also the framework of the system documentation.What situations occur when system reading fails?The most egregious situation, in my opinion, that could develop would be that an enormous amount of capital is unknowingly poured into an unfeasible solution. Almost as bad would be if the alike money were to be spent on a project that does not appropriately address the business concern for which it was intended.The implantation phase could...

The Peoples Princess Essay examples -- essays research papers

     Diana Frances Spencer was born on July 1, 1961 in Sandringham, Norfolk. Her parents, John and Frances Spencer, were hoping for a boy to carry on the Spencer name. It took them nearly a week to come up with a name for the baby girl. Eighteen months earlier, her mother had happenr birth to a baby boy, however he was so sick that he only survived for ten hours. Lady Frances, twenty three at the time, was sent to umteen specialists to find out the cerebrate why she could not have a little boy. Three years after Diana was born, Lady Frances gave birth to a healthy baby boy, Charles. Diana had been christened in Sandringham church with well-to-do commoners for godparents. Charles, on the other hand, was christened in Westminster Abbey with the Queen of England as his godparent.     As a child, Diana spent most of her time playing outside. Close to her home were many woods, horse stables, and they owned a heated swimming pool. The woods wer e filled with rabbits, foxes, deer, and other animals. As she grew older, she also grew a great love for animals.      She also had a love for children. At age eighteen, she became a teachers assistant. She taught dance, drawing, and painting to kindergarten students.      When she was six years old, her mother left her father for another man. She went between her mothers townhouse and her fathers country estates. Both parents got re-married, so she had two step-parents to please.     Because of Dianas royal background, she earned an invitation to Prince Charless thirtieth birthday party. This is were the two met for the first time. There were hundreds of people at the party, but Charles couldnt take his eyes off of Diana. A few months later, the two became a couple. "The news about Charles and Dianas love soon spread. The shy young teachers aide quickly became famous. Everyone wanted to know if the Prince had finally raise his Princess.     "The answer came in February 1981. Prince Charles asked Lady Diana to be his wife. Blushing with happiness, Diana accepted. The fairy tale had begun-and Dianas life would never be the same."1     During their engagement, Diana frequently visited Buckingham Palace, and the Queen of England for roya... ...imply immersed by debt instrument and tradition but cansing openly as you planned. We fully respect the heritage into which they have both been born, and will always respect and advocate them in their royal role. But we, like you, recognize the need for them to experience as many different aspects of life as possible, to arm them spiritually and emotionally for the yearsahead. I know you would have expected nothing less from us. William and Harry, we all care desperately for you today. We are all chewed up with sadness at the loss of a woman who wasnt even our mother. How great your suffering is we cannot even imagine. I would like to end by thanking God for the small mercies he has shown us at this dreadful time for taking Diana at her most beautiful and radiant and when she had so much joy in her private life. Above all, we give thanks for the life of a woman I am so proud to be able to call my sister the unique, the complex, the extraordinary and irreplaceable Diana, whose beauty, both internal and external, will never be extinguished from our minds."                     

Hunger and Poverty Essay -- essays research papers

famish and Poverty Hunger and Poverty During the course of this particular essay, I go forth prove to you many points. by chance not to the extreme that it will change ones thought processes on the subject of hunger and world poverty, but enough to form a distinction between lesson obligation and moralistic capacity. What I will not mention is the fact that Peter Singers outdated corporal (1971), though thorough in the sense of supporting his view on hunger and world poverty as well as examining this school of thought, is unlikely to say the least. As our fresh past has shown us, using Somalia and Rwanda as models, no amount of money or time on earth can numerate between a polished war. Terrible things happen, innocent people are slain in the names of either freedom or captivity, and land is destroyed, burned-over by the flames of either right or wrath. But placing the burden of attempting to heal these wounds on the well off is not only immoral in itself, it is crazy. T o submit an act a moral obligation, it must have an end that fits within the realm of reason. If someone is cause to do something, then the purpose of that action holds meaning, so making the act a meaningful act. A characteristic of a meaningful act is a justifiably important end, that is, an end that which holds a high purpose than the action against the obligated act. One can argue, using history as an example, that ending world poverty and hunger is not a presumable goal. Singer uses the term mora... Hunger and Poverty Essay -- essays research papers Hunger and Poverty Hunger and Poverty During the course of this particular essay, I will prove to you many points. Maybe not to the extreme that it will change ones thought processes on the subject of hunger and world poverty, but enough to form a distinction between moral obligation and moral capacity. What I will not mention is the fact that Peter Singers outdated material (1971), though thorough in the sense of supporting his view on hunger and world poverty as well as examining this school of thought, is unconvincing to say the least. As our recent past has shown us, using Somalia and Rwanda as models, no amount of money or time on earth can come between a civil war. Terrible things happen, innocent people are slain in the names of either freedom or captivity, and land is destroyed, burned by the flames of either righteousness or wrath. But placing the burden of attempting to heal these wounds on the well off is not only immoral in itself, it is crazy. To consider an act a moral obligation, it must have an end that fits within the realm of reason. If someone is obligated to do something, then the purpose of that action holds meaning, therefore making the act a meaningful act. A characteristic of a meaningful act is a justifiably important end, that is, an end that which holds a higher purpose than the action against the obligated act. One can argue, using history as an example, that en ding world poverty and hunger is not a reasonable goal. Singer uses the term mora...

The Importance of Effective Writing for an 8th Grade Language Arts Portfolio :: essays research papers

One of the most important questions in composing is what is effective writing? Well, the definition of effective writing is how well the writing impacted someone, i.e. the reader. You can write whatever you want to, but if it isnt effective then it is roughly pointless. In order to change someones opinion or in order to prove them wrong you need to make a expectant impact with what you ar writing. There are six steps in order to make a piece of writing effective. These steps include convincing the reader, making the information comprehensible, making it easy to read, making the whole wallpaper interesting, exhibit a clear and confident voice, and try to impact the reader emotionally. first base off, included in the convincing the reader step is using the active voice instead of using the passive voice. For example implement baseball imposter play baseball instead of baseball is played by baseball players. For the second criteria, comprehensible, eliminate words that are not essential to the meaning or mood. For example do not use very, really, terribly, and awfully. For the third criteria, easy to read, combine short sentences to consolidate ideas, but dont ramble, be effective. For example use the effective sentence when I dropped a boiled egg, it landed on my dog without breaking. Rather than the ineffective sentence I dropped an egg and it landed on my dog. The egg was boiled and it did not crack open. For the fourth criteria, making the whole paper interesting, vary the structure of you sentences. For example try using something interesting the like I like to play baseball. I own cardinal baseballs and 2 baseball bats. Instead of using something boring like I own seven baseballs. I also own 2 baseball bats. I like to play baseball. For the fifth criteria, exhibit a clear and confident voice, reword additional and words phrases. Ex. Use It is hot. Instead of it is a hot one. Finally, for the sixth criteria, try to impact the reader emotionally, c onsider having a aspire audience. By having a target audience you can impact the reader whom it is most important to you very easily. For example if you are trying to excite an environmentalist about a paper product then emphasize that it is recyclable, instead of its annual consumption. In order of importance these traits are ranked 1.) Comprehendible- if the reader can not understand what you are saying, then they have no reason to read it.

United States Attack And Ballistic Nuclear Submarines :: essays papers

United States Attack And Ballistic Nuclear SubmarinesThe United States Navy has developed over the years to lay down one of theworlds close powerful forces. The nuclear submarine is one of the majorcomponents responsible for achieving this status. The nuclear submarineshave evolved over time in design, construction, and weapons to becomethe most feared deterrence force ever. Tom Clancy, a well-known authorand naval expert describes nuclear attack submarines (SSN&rsquos) in anexcellent fashion by commentingThe raw SSN is a stealth platform with 70 percent of the worldssurface under which to hide, its endurance determined not by fuel but bythe get of food that may be crammed into the hull, and its operationallimitations determined more by the skill of the commander and crew thanby external factors. (XIX)Clancy also gives the complete novel of nuclear submarines from thebeginning. The idea of nuclear energy to power navy submarines came froman improbable origin a United States nava l officer named Hyman G.Rickover. After World fight II, Rickover was transferred to the engineeringdepartment of the United States Navy. While there, he was responsible forenvisioning the idea of placing small nuclear reactors in submarines andsurface ships. With these reactors, vessels could travel great distanceswithout having to refill the their fuel supply. Most importantly forsubmarines, it would now allow them to stay submerged for longer periodsof times instead of having to come to the surface to give air to whereforediesel engines (Clancy 10).According to Clancy, Rickover&rsquos main focus was submarines. In theearly 1950&rsquos, a contract was signed for the production of the firstnuclear submarine in the world. The sauceboat was to be named the USS Nautilus(SSN-571) and built by Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics. Thenuclear reactor in the Nautilus generated steam for the turbines as aresult of pressurized water. This development was far more promising thanthe n ow Admiral Rickover and the Navy had ever dreamed (Clancy 10-11).Dalgleish and Schweikart include that when the boat was launched in 1954,it passed both carrying into action and technological barriers. Being similar tosubmarines developed after 1944, the boat&rsquos speed was greaterunderwater than above, it did not have surface often to replenishbatteries, and could uphold underwater for a length of sixty days. TheNautilus became the first ever vessel to travel the Arctic from thePacific to the Atlantic. While initiating an entirely new proportion forsubmarine operations, it was the first submarine to arrive at the NorthPole (Dalgleish and Schweikart 6).A web site dedicated to United States submarines gives statistics about

Egoism and Altruism

1. Meta clean-livingity The term meta means after or beyond, and, consequently, the notion of metaethics involves a removed, or birds eye view of the entire forecast of ethics. We may define metaethics as the accept of the origin and meaning of ethical concepts. When comp argond to prescriptive ethics and apply ethics, the field of metaethics is the least precisely defined orbit of lesson philosophy. It covers studys from incorrupt semantics to lessonistic epistemology-0.Two issues, though, argon prominent (1) metaphysical issues concerning whether lesson philosophy exists independently of military personnels, and (2) psychological issues concerning the under deception mental basis of our incorrupt judgments and conduct. a. Metaphysical Issues Objectivism and Relativism Metaphysics is the study of the kinds of things that exist in the universe. Some things in the universe ar made of physical stuff, much(prenominal) as rocks and perhaps other things argon nonphysical i n temperament, such as thoughts, spirits, and gods.The metaphysical component of metaethics involves discovering specific both toldy whether object lesson set ar eternal virtues that exist in a spirit-like realm, or simply human conventions. at that place are two general directions that discussions of this topic take, one other-worldly and one this-worldly. Proponents of the other-worldly view typically hold that moral values are objective-1 in the instinct that they exist in a spirit-like realm beyond subjective human conventions.They similarly hold that they are absolute, or eternal, in that they never alternate, and also that they are universal insofar as they apply to all rational creatures around the world and throughout epoch-2. The most dramatic example of this view is Plato-3, who was inspired by the field of mathematics. When we look at numbers and mathematical relations, such as 1+1=2, they seem to be timeless concepts that never change, and apply everyplace in the universe. Humans do not invent numbers, and earthly concern behindnot alter them.Plato explained the eternal eccentric of mathematics by stating that they are abstract entities that exist in a spirit-like realm. He noted that moral values also are absolute truths and thus are also abstract, spirit-like entities. In this sense, for Plato, moral values are spiritual objects. Medieval philosophers comm just now grouped all moral runrs together under the heading of eternal law which were also frequently seen as spirit-like objects. seventeenth century British philosopher Samuel Clarke described them as spirit-like relationships rather than spirit-like objects.In either case, though, they exist in a sprit-like realm. A dissimilar other-worldly approach to the metaphysical status of godliness is divine commands issuing from perfections allow for. Sometimes called voluntarism (or divine command possibleness-4), this view was inspired by the notion of an all-powerful God-5 w ho is in control of everything. God simply wills things, and they become reality. He wills the physical world into man, he wills human liveness into existence and, similarly, he wills all moral values into existence.Proponents of this view, such as medieval philosopher William of Ockham-6, believe that God wills moral principles, such as slay is wrong, and these exist in Gods mind as commands. God informs humans of these commands by implanting us with moral intuitions or revealing these commands in scripture. The indorsement and much this-worldly approach to the metaphysical status of morality follows in the skeptical philosophical tradition, such as that articulated by Greek philosopher Sextus Empiricus, and denies the objective status of moral values.Technically, skeptics did not reject moral values themselves, but only denied that values exist as spirit-like objects, or as divine commands in the mind of God. Moral values, they argued, are strictly human inventions, a positio n that has since been called moral relativism-7. There are two lucid forms of moral relativism. The starting signal is individual relativism, which holds that individual people create their own moral standards. Friedrich Nietzsche, for example, argued that the superhuman creates his or her morality distinct from and in re sue to the slave-like value system of the masses.The second is cultural relativism which maintains that morality is grounded in the approval of ones society and not simply in the preferences of individual people. This view was advocated by Sextus, and in more than recent centuries by Michel Montaigne and William Graham Sumner. In addition to espousing skepticism and relativism, this-worldly approaches to the metaphysical status of morality track the absolute and universal nature of morality and hold instead that moral values in fact change from society to society throughout time and throughout the world.They frequently attempt to defend their position by citin g examples of values that differ dramatically from one culture to another, such as attitudes about polygamy, oddity and human sacrifice. b. Psychological Issues in Metaethics A second area of metaethics involves the psychological basis of our moral judgments and conduct, particularly understanding what motivates us to be moral. We might look this subject by asking the simple point, Why be moral? Even if I am aware of basic moral standards, such as dont kill and dont steal, this does not necessarily mean that I will be psychologically compelled to act on them.Some answers to the question Why be moral? are to avoid punishment, to gain praise-8, to attain happiness, to be dignified, or to fit in with society. i. egocentrism and Altruism One alpha area of moral psychology concerns the inherent selfishness of humans. seventeenth century British philosopher Thomas Hobbes-9 held that many, if not all, of our deeds are prompted by selfish desires. Even if an do seems selfless, suc h as donating to charity, there are still selfish causes for this, such as experiencing power over other people.This view is called psychological egoism-10 and maintains that self-oriented interests last-ditchly motivate all human accomplishments. Closely tie in to psychological egoism is a view called psychological hedonism which is the view that pleasure is the specific driving force behind all of our actions. eighteenth century British philosopher Joseph Butler-11 agreed that instinctive selfishness and pleasure prompt much of our conduct. However, Butler argued that we also pick out an inherent psychological capacity to gift benevolence to others.This view is called psychological altruism and maintains that at least some(a)(a) of our actions are motivated by instinctive benevolence. ii. Emotion and Reason A second area of moral psychology involves a dispute concerning the role of reason out in motivating moral actions. If, for example, I make the statement abortion is vir tuously wrong, am I making a rational assessment or only expressing my heartings? On the one side of the dispute, 18th century British philosopher David Hume-12 argued that moral assessments involve our emotions, and not our reason.We can amass all the reasons we want, but that alone will not constitute a moral assessment. We need a cash in ones chips emotional reaction in order to make a moral pronouncement. Reason might be of service in giving us the germane(predicate) data, but, in Humes words, reason is, and ought to be, the slave of the passions. Inspired by Humes anti-rationa heel views, some 20th century philosophers, most notably A. J. Ayer, similarly denied that moral assessments are factual descriptions. For example, although the statement it is good to donate to charity may on the surface look as though it is a factual description about charity, it is not.Instead, a moral utterance like this involves two things. First, I (the speaker) I am expressing my personal feel ings of approval about charitable donations and I am in essence saying Hooray for charity This is called the emotive element insofar as I am expressing my emotions about some specific behavior. Second, I (the speaker) am trying to get you to donate to charity and am essentially giving the command, Donate to charity This is called the prescriptive element in the sense that I am prescribing some specific behavior.From Humes day forward, more rationally-minded philosophers concord opposed these emotive theories of ethics (see non-cognitivism in ethics-13) and instead argued that moral assessments are indeed acts of reason. 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant-14 is a case in point. Although emotional factors often do influence our conduct, he argued, we should nevertheless resist that kind of sway. Instead, true moral action is motivated only by reason when it is devoid from emotions and desires.A recent rationalist approach, outered by Kurt Baier (1958), was proposed in direct opposition to the emotivist and prescriptivist theories of Ayer and others. Baier revolve aboutes more broadly on the reasoning and argumentation process that takes place when making moral choices. All of our moral choices are, or at least can be, backed by some reason or justification. If I claim that it is wrong to steal someones car, past I should be able to justify my claim with some kind of argument. For example, I could argue that stealing Smiths car is wrong since this would upset her, violate her ownership veraciouss, or put the thief at risk of getting caught.According to Baier, then(prenominal), proper moral decision making involves giving the best reasons in support of one course of action versus another. iii. Male and pistillate Morality A third area of moral psychology focuses on whether there is a intelligibly female approach to ethics that is grounded in the psychological differences between men and women. Discussions of this issue focus on two claims ( 1) traditional morality is male-centered, and (2) there is a unique female perspective of the world which can be shaped into a value theory.According to many feminist philosophers, traditional morality is male-centered since it is modeled after practices that have been traditionally male-dominated, such as acquiring property, engaging in business contracts, and governing societies. The rigid systems of rules required for trade and government were then taken as models for the creation of equally rigid systems of moral rules, such as lists of rights and duties. Women, by contrast, have traditionally had a nurturing role by raising children and overseeing domestic life. These tasks require less rule following, and more unprompted and creative action.Using the womans experience as a model for moral theory, then, the basis of morality would be spontaneously caring for others as would be appropriate in each unique circumstance. On this model, the agent becomes part of the situation and acts caringly within that context. This stands in contrast with male-modeled morality where the agent is a mechanistic actor who performs his required handicraft, but can remain distanced from and unaffected by the situation. A economic aid-based approach to morality, as it is sometimes called, is offered by feminist ethicists as either a replacement for or a supplement to traditional male-modeled moral systems. . Normative ethics Normative ethics involves arriving at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. In a sense, it is a search for an ideal litmus test of proper behavior. The princely Rule is a classic example of a normative principle We should do to others what we would want others to do to us. Since I do not want my dwell to steal my car, then it is wrong for me to steal her car. Since I would want people to feed me if I was starving, then I should succor feed starving people. Using this same reasoning, I can theoretically meet whether any possible act ion is right or wrong.So, based on the Golden Rule, it would also be wrong for me to lie to, harass, victimize, assault, or kill others. The Golden Rule is an example of a normative theory that establishes a single principle against which we judge all actions. Other normative theories focus on a set of foundational principles, or a set of good character traits. The key assumption in normative ethics is that there is only one ultimate criterion of moral conduct, whether it is a single rule or a set of principles. Three strategies will be noted here (1) virtue theories, (2) avocation theories, and (3) consequentialist theories. . Virtue Theories worldy philosophers believe that morality consists of following precisely defined rules of conduct, such as dont kill, or dont steal. Presumably, I mustiness learn these rules, and then make sure each of my actions live up to the rules. Virtue ethics-15, however, places less emphasis on learning rules, and instead stresses the splendor of developing good habits of character, such as benevolence (see moral character-16). Once Ive acquired benevolence, for example, I will then habitually act in a benevolent manner.Historically, virtue theory is one of the oldest normative traditions in Western philosophy, having its roots in ancient Greek civilization. Plato emphasized four virtues in particular, which were after called cardinal virtues wisdom, courage, temperance and justice. Other important virtues are fortitude, generosity, self-respect, good temper, and sincerity. In addition to advocating good habits of character, virtue theorists hold that we should avoid acquiring bad character traits, or vices, such as cowardice, insensibility, injustice, and vanity.Virtue theory emphasizes moral education since virtuous character traits are developed in ones youth. Adults, therefore, are responsible for(p) for instilling virtues in the young. Aristotle-17 argued that virtues are good habits that we acquire, which regulate ou r emotions. For example, in response to my natural feelings of fear, I should develop the virtue of courage which allows me to be firm when go about danger. Analyzing 11 specific virtues, Aristotle argued that most virtues fall at a mean between more extreme character traits.With courage, for example, if I do not have enough courage, I develop the disposition of cowardice, which is a vice. If I have too much courage I develop the disposition of rashness which is also a vice. According to Aristotle, it is not an easy task to find the perfect mean between extreme character traits. In fact, we need assistance from our reason to do this. After Aristotle, medieval theologians supplemented Greek lists of virtues with three Christian ones, or theological virtues faith, hope, and charity.Interest in virtue theory continued through the middle ages and declined in the 19th century with the rise of alternative moral theories below. In the mid 20th century virtue theory received special attent ion from philosophers who believed that more recent approaches ethical theories were misguided for focusing too heavily on rules and actions, rather than on virtuous character traits. Alasdaire MacIntyre (1984) defended the central role of virtues in moral theory and argued that virtues are grounded in and emerge from within social traditions. . Duty Theories Many of us feel that there are clear obligations we have as human beings, such as to care for our children, and to not commit murder. Duty theories base morality on specific, foundational principles of obligation. These theories are sometimes called deontological, from the Greek word deon, or job, in view of the foundational nature of our duty or obligation. They are also sometimes called nonconsequentialist since these principles are obligatory, irrespective of the consequences that might follow from our actions.For example, it is wrong to not care for our children even if it heads in some great benefit, such as financial sa vings. There are four central duty theories. The first is that championed by 17th century German philosopher Samuel Pufendorf, who classified dozens of duties under three headings duties to God, duties to oneself, and duties to others. Concerning our duties towards God, he argued that there are two kinds a theoretical duty to know the existence and nature of God, and a practical duty to both inwardly and outwardly worship God.Concerning our duties towards oneself, these are also of two sorts duties of the soul, which involve developing ones skills and talents, and duties of the body, which involve not harming our bodies, as we might through gluttony or drunkenness, and not killing oneself. Concerning our duties towards others, Pufendorf divides these between absolute duties, which are universally binding on people, and conditional duties, which are the result of contracts between people. Absolute duties are of three sorts avoid wronging others, dole out people as equals, and romote the good of others. Conditional duties involve sundry(a) types of agreements, the principal one of which is the duty is to keep ones promises. A second duty-based approach to ethics is rights theory. Most generally, a right is a justify claim against another persons behavior such as my right to not be harmed by you (see also human rights-18). Rights and duties are related in such a way that the rights of one person implies the duties of another person. For example, if I have a right to payment of $10 by Smith, then Smith has a duty to pay me $10.This is called the correlativity of rights and duties. The most influential early account of rights theory is that of 17th century British philosopher John Locke-19, who argued that the laws of nature mandate that we should not harm anyones life, health, liberty or possessions. For Locke, these are our natural rights, given to us by God. Following Locke, the United States Declaration of emancipation authored by Thomas Jefferson recognize s three foundational rights life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.Jefferson and others rights theorists maintained that we deduce other more specific rights from these, including the rights of property, movement, speech, and religious expression. There are four features traditionally associated with moral rights. First, rights are natural insofar as they are not invented or created by governments. Second, they are universal insofar as they do not change from country to country. Third, they are equal in the sense that rights are the same for all people, irrespective of gender, race, or handicap.Fourth, they are inalienable which means that I ca not hand over my rights to another person, such as by selling myself into thralldom. A third duty-based theory is that by Kant, which emphasizes a single principle of duty. Influenced by Pufendorf, Kant agreed that we have moral duties to oneself and others, such as developing ones talents, and keeping our promises to others. However, K ant argued that there is a more foundational principle of duty that encompasses our particular duties. It is a single, self-evident principle of reason that he calls the categorical imperative. A categorical imperative, he argued, is fundamentally different from hypothetical imperatives that hinge on some personal desire that we have, for example, If you want to get a good job, then you ought to go to college. By contrast, a categorical imperative simply mandates an action, irrespective of ones personal desires, such as You ought to do X. Kant gives at least four versions of the categorical imperative, but one is especially direct fragility people as an end, and never as a means to an end. That is, we should al slipway treat people with dignity, nd never use them as mere instruments. For Kant, we treat people as an end whenever our actions toward someone reflect the inherent value of that person. Donating to charity, for example, is virtuously correct since this finds the inhere nt value of the recipient. By contrast, we treat someone as a means to an end whenever we treat that person as a tool to achieve something else. It is wrong, for example, to steal my neighbors car since I would be treating her as a means to my own happiness. The categorical imperative also regulates the morality of actions that affect us individually.Suicide, for example, would be wrong since I would be treating my life as a means to the alleviation of my misery. Kant believes that the morality of all actions can be determined by appealing to this single principle of duty. A fourth and more recent duty-based theory is that by British philosopher W. D. Ross, which emphasizes prima facie duties. Like his 17th and 18th century counterparts, Ross argues that our duties are part of the fundamental nature of the universe. However, Rosss list of duties is much shorter, which he believes reflects our actual moral convictions Fidelity the duty to keep promises Reparation the duty to compen sate others when we harm them Gratitude the duty to thank those who help us Justice the duty to recognize merit Beneficence the duty to improve the conditions of others Self-improvement the duty to improve our virtue and intelligence Nonmaleficence the duty to not injure others Ross recognizes that situations will prink when we must choose between two conflicting duties. In a classic example, suppose I borrow my neighbors gun and promise to return it when he asks for it. One day, in a fit of rage, my neighbor pounds on my door and asks for the gun so that he can take vengeance on someone.On the one hand, the duty of fidelity obligates me to return the gun on the other hand, the duty of nonmaleficence obligates me to avoid injuring others and thus not return the gun. According to Ross, I will intuitively know which of these duties is my actual duty, and which is my ap parent or prima facie duty. In this case, my duty of nonmaleficence emerges as my actual duty and I should not retur n the gun. c. Consequentialist Theories It is common for us to determine our moral responsibility by weighing the consequences of our actions.According to consequentialism-20, correct moral conduct is determined alone by a cost-benefit analysis of an actions consequences Consequentialism An action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than admonitory. Consequentialist normative principles require that we first tally both the good and bad consequences of an action. Second, we then determine whether the total good consequences outweigh the total bad consequences. If the good consequences are greater, then the action is morally proper. If the bad consequences are greater, then the action is morally improper.Consequentialist theories are sometimes called teleological theories, from the Greek word telos, or end, since the end result of the action is the sole determining factor of its morality. Consequentialist theories became popular in the 18th centur y by philosophers who wanted a quick way to morally assess an action by appealing to experience, rather than by appealing to gut intuitions or long lists of questionable duties. In fact, the most attractive feature of consequentialism is that it appeals to publicly unmistakable consequences of actions.Most versions of consequentialism are more precisely formulated than the general principle above. In particular, competing consequentialist theories specify which consequences for affected groups of people are relevant. Three subdivisions of consequentialism emerge Ethical Egoism an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable only to the agent performing the action. Ethical Altruism an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone except the agent. Utilitarianism an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone. Al l three of these theories focus on the consequences of actions for different groups of people. But, like all normative theories, the above three theories are rivals of each other. They also yield different conclusions. Consider the following example. A woman was traveling through a developing country when she witnessed a car in front of her run off the road and roll over several times.She asked the hired driver to pull over to assist, but, to her surprise, the driver accelerated nervously past the scene. A few miles rectify the road the driver explained that in his country if someone assists an accident victim, then the police often hold the assisting person responsible for the accident itself. If the victim dies, then the assisting person could be held responsible for the death. The driver continued explaining that road accident victims are therefore usually left unattended and often die from painting to the countrys harsh desert conditions.On the principle of ethical egoism-21, the woman in this illustration would only be concerned with the consequences of her attempted assistance as she would be affected. Clearly, the decision to drive on would be the morally proper choice. On the principle of ethical altruism, she would be concerned only with the consequences of her action as others are affected, particularly the accident victim. Tallying only those consequences reveals that assisting the victim would be the morally correct choice, irrespective of the negative consequences that result for her.On the principle of utilitarianism, she must consider the consequences for both herself and the victim. The outcome here is less clear, and the woman would need to precisely calculate the overall benefit versus disbenefit of her action. i. Types of Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham-22 presented one of the earliest fully developed systems of utilitarianism. Two features of his theory are noteworty. First, Bentham proposed that we tally the consequences of each action we perform and thereby determine on a case by case basis whether an action is morally right or wrong. This aspect of Benthams theory is known as act-utilitiarianism.Second, Bentham also proposed that we tally the pleasure and pain which results from our actions. For Bentham, pleasure and pain are the only consequences that matter in determining whether our conduct is moral. This aspect of Benthams theory is known as hedonistic utilitarianism. Critics point out limitations in both of these aspects. First, tally to act-utilitarianism, it would be morally wrong to waste time on leisure activities such as watching television, since our time could be spent in ways that produced a greater social benefit, such as charity work. But prohibiting leisure activities doesnt seem reasonable.More significantly, according to act-utilitarianism, specific acts of torture or slavery would be morally permissible if the social benefit of these actions outweighed the disbenefit. A revised version of utilit arianism called rule-utilitarianism addresses these problems. According to rule-utilitarianism, a behavioral code or rule is morally right if the consequences of adopting that rule are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone. Unlike act utilitarianism, which weighs the consequences of each particular action, rule-utilitarianism offers a litmus test only for the morality of moral rules, such as stealing is wrong. Adopting a rule against theft clearly has more favorable consequences than unfavorable consequences for everyone. The same is true for moral rules against lying or murdering. Rule-utilitarianism, then, offers a three-tiered method for judging conduct. A particular action, such as stealing my neighbors car, is judged wrong since it violates a moral rule against theft. In turn, the rule against theft is morally binding because adopting this rule produces favorable consequences for everyone. John Stuart Mills version of utilitarianism is rule-oriented.Second, according to h edonistic utilitarianism, pleasurable consequences are the only factors that matter, morally speaking. This, though, seems too restrictive since it ignores other morally significant consequences that are not necessarily pleasing or painful. For example, acts which foster loyalty and association are valued, yet they are not always pleasing. In response to this problem, G. E. Moore -23proposed ideal utilitarianism, which involves tallying any consequence that we intuitively recognize as good or bad (and not simply as pleasurable or painful). Also, R. M.Hare proposed preference utilitarianism, which involves tallying any consequence that fulfills our preferences. ii. Ethical Egoism and Social Contract Theory We have seen (in Section 1. b. i) that Hobbes was an advocate of the methaethical theory of psychological egoismthe view that all of our actions are selfishly motivated. Upon that foundation, Hobbes developed a normative theory known as social contract theory-24, which is a type o f rule-ethical-egoism. According to Hobbes, for purely selfish reasons, the agent is better off living in a world with moral rules than one without moral rules.For without moral rules, we are subject to the whims of other peoples selfish interests. Our property, our families, and even our lives are at continual risk. Selfishness alone will therefore motivate each agent to adopt a basic set of rules which will allow for a civilized community. Not surprisingly, these rules would include prohibitions against lying, stealing and killing. However, these rules will ensure safety for each agent only if the rules are enforced. As selfish creatures, each of us would plunder our neighbors property once their guards were down.Each agent would then be at risk from his neighbor. Therefore, for selfish reasons alone, we devise a means of enforcing these rules we create a policing agency which punishes us if we violate these rules. 3. Applied Ethics Applied ethics is the branch of ethics which con sists of the analysis of specific, controversial moral issues such as abortion, animal rights, or euthanasia. In recent years employ ethical issues have been subdivided into convenient groups such as medical ethics, business ethics, environmental ethics-25, and sexual ethics-26.Generally speaking, two features are necessary for an issue to be considered an apply ethical issue. First, the issue needs to be controversial in the sense that there are significant groups of people both for and against the issue at hand. The issue of drive-by shooting, for example, is not an applied ethical issue, since everyone agrees that this practice is grossly immoral. By contrast, the issue of gun control would be an applied ethical issue since there are significant groups of people both for and against gun control.The second requirement for an issue to be an applied ethical issue is that it must be a distinctly moral issue. On any given day, the media presents us with an array of sensitive issues such as affirmative action policies, gays in the military, involuntary commitment of the mentally impaired, capitalistic versus socialistic business practices, public versus private health care systems, or energy conservation. Although all of these issues are controversial and have an important impingement on society, they are not all moral issues. Some are only issues of social policy.The aim of social policy is to help make a given society run efficiently by devising conventions, such as traffic laws, tax laws, and zoning codes. Moral issues, by contrast, concern more universally obligatory practices, such as our duty to avoid lying, and are not confined to individual societies. Frequently, issues of social policy and morality overlap, as with murder which is both socially prohibited and immoral. However, the two groups of issues are often distinct. For example, many people would argue that sexual promiscuity is mmoral, but may not feel that there should be social policies regul ating sexual conduct, or laws punishing us for promiscuity. Similarly, some social policies forbid residents in certain neighborhoods from having yard sales. But, so long as the neighbors are not offended, there is nothing immoral in itself about a resident having a yard sale in one of these neighborhoods. Thus, to qualify as an applied ethical issue, the issue must be more than one of mere social policy it must be morally relevant as well. In theory, resolving particular applied ethical issues should be easy.With the issue of abortion, for example, we would simply determine its morality by consulting our normative principle of choice, such as act-utilitarianism. If a given abortion produces greater benefit than disbenefit, then, according to act-utilitarianism, it would be morally acceptable to have the abortion. Unfortunately, there are perhaps hundreds of rival normative principles from which to choose, many of which yield opposite conclusions. Thus, the stalemate in normative et hics between conflicting theories prevents us from using a single decisive procedure for determining the morality of a specific issue.The usual solution today to this stalemate is to consult several representative normative principles on a given issue and see where the weight of the evidence lies. a. Normative Principles in Applied Ethics Arriving at a short list of representative normative principles is itself a challenging task. The principles selected must not be too narrowly focused, such as a version of act-egoism that might focus only on an actions short-term benefit. The principles must also be seen as having merit by people on both sides of an applied ethical issue.For this reason, principles that appeal to duty to God are not usually cited since this would have no impact on a nonbeliever engaged in the debate. The following principles are the ones most commonly appealed to in applied ethical discussions Personal benefit acknowledge the extent to which an action produces ben eficial consequences for the individual in question. Social benefit acknowledge the extent to which an action produces beneficial consequences for society. Principle of benevolence help those in need. Principle of paternalism assist others in pursuing their best interests when they cannot do so themselves. Principle of harm do not harm others. Principle of honesty do not deceive others. Principle of lawfulness do not violate the law. Principle of autonomy acknowledge a persons freedom over his/her actions or physical body. Principle of justice acknowledge a persons right to due process, fair compensation for harm done, and fair distribution of benefits. Rights acknowledge a persons rights to life, information, privacy, free expression, and safety.The above principles represent a spectrum of traditional normative principles and are derived from both consequentialist and duty-based approaches. The first two principles, personal benefit and social benefit, are consequentialist since th ey appeal to the consequences of an action as it affects the individual or society. The remaining principles are duty-based. The principles of benevolence, paternalism, harm, honesty, and lawfulness are based on duties we have toward others. The principles of autonomy, justice, and the various rights are based on moral rights.An example will help illustrate the function of these principles in an applied ethical discussion. In 1982, a couple from Bloomington, Indiana gave birth to a bobble with severe mental and physical disabilities. Among other complications, the child, known as Baby Doe, had its stomach disconnected from its throat and was thus unable to receive nourishment. Although this stomach daub was correctable through operation, the couple did not want to raise a severely disabled child and therefore chose to deny surgery, food, and water for the infant.Local courts supported the parents decision, and six-spot days later Baby Doe died. Should corrective surgery have be en performed for Baby Doe? Arguments in favor of corrective surgery derive from the infants right to life and the principle of paternalism which stipulates that we should pursue the best interests of others when they are incapable of doing so themselves. Arguments against corrective surgery derive from the personal and social disbenefit which would result from such surgery. If Baby Doe survived, its quality of life would have been poor and in any case it probably would have died at an early age.Also, from the parents perspective, Baby Does survival would have been a significant emotional and financial burden. When examining both sides of the issue, the parents and the courts concluded that the arguments against surgery were stronger than the arguments for surgery. First, foregoing surgery appeared to be in the best interests of the infant, given the poor quality of life it would endure. Second, the status of Baby Does right to life was not clear given the severity of the infants men tal impairment. For, to possess moral rights, it takes more than merely having a human body certain cognitive functions must also be present.The issue here involves what is often referred to as moral personhood, and is central to many applied ethical discussions. b. Issues in Applied Ethics As noted, there are many controversial issues discussed by ethicists today, some of which will be briefly mentioned here. Biomedical ethics focuses on a range of issues which arise in clinical settings. Health care workers are in an unusual position of continually dealing with life and death situations. It is not surprising, then, that medical ethics issues are more extreme and diverse than other areas of applied ethics.Prenatal issues arise about the morality of surrogate mothering, genetic manipulation of fetuses, the status of unused cold embryos, and abortion. Other issues arise about patient rights and physicians responsibilities, such as the confidentiality of the patients records and the physicians responsibility to tell the truth to dying patients. The AIDS crisis has raised the specific issues of the mandatory screening of all patients for AIDS, and whether physicians can refuse to treat AIDS patients. Additional issues concern medical experiment on humans, the morality of involuntary commitment, and the rights of the mentally disabled.Finally, end of life issues arise about the morality of suicide, the justifiability of suicide intervention, physician assisted suicide, and euthanasia. The field of business ethics examines moral controversies relating to the social responsibilities of capitalist business practices, the moral status of corporate entities, deceptive advertising, insider trading, basic employee rights, job discrimination, affirmative action, drug testing, and whistle blowing. Issues in environmental ethics often overlaps with business and medical issues.These include the rights of animals, the morality of animal experimentation, preserving endangered species, pollution control, management of environmental resources, whether eco-systems are entitled to direct moral consideration, and our obligation to future generations. Controversial issues of sexual morality include monogamy versus polygamy, sexual relations without love, homosexual relations, and extramarital affairs. Finally, there are issues of social morality which examine capital punishment, nuclear war, gun control, the recreational use of drugs, welfare rights, and racism. 4. References and Further Reading Anscombe,Elizabeth Modern Moral Philosophy, Philosophy, 1958, Vol. 33, reprinted in her Ethics, Religion and Politics (Oxford Blackwell, 1981). Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, in Barnes, Jonathan, ed. , The Complete Works of Aristotle (Princeton, N. J. Princeton University Press, 1984). Ayer, A. J. , Language, Truth and Logic (New York Dover Publications, 1946). Baier, Kurt, The Moral Point of View A Rational derriere of Ethics (Cornell University Press, 1958). Bent ham, Jeremy, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and statute law (1789), in The Works of Jeremy Bentham, edited by John Bowring (London 1838-1843). Hare, R. M. , Moral Thinking, (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1981). Hare, R. M. , The Language of Morals (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1952). Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, ed. , E. Curley, (Chicago, IL Hackett Publishing Company, 1994). Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740), eds. David Fate Norton, bloody shame J. Norton (Oxford New York Oxford University Press, 2000). Kant, Immanuel, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, tr, James W. Ellington (Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, 1985). Locke, John, Two Treatises, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1963). MacIntyre, Alasdair, After Virtue, second edition, (Notre Dame Notre Dame University Press, 1984). Mackie, John L. , Ethics Inventing Right and Wrong, (New York Penguin Books, 1977). Mill, John Stuart, Utilitarianism, in Collected Works of Jo hn Stuart Mill, ed. , J. M. Robson (London Routledge and Toronto, Ont. University of Toronto Press, 1991). Moore, G. E. , Principia Ethica, (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1903). Noddings, Nel, Ethics from the Stand Point Of Women, in Deborah L.Rhode, ed. , Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference (New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1990). Ockham, William of, Fourth Book of the Sentences, tr. Lucan Freppert, The Basis of Morality According to William Ockham (Chicago Franciscan Herald Press, 1988). Plato, Republic, 6510-511, in Cooper, John M. , ed. , Plato Complete Works (Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, 1997). Samuel Pufendorf, De Jure Naturae et Gentium (1762), tr. Of the Law of Nature and Nations Samuel Pufendorf, De officio hominis et civis juxta legem naturalem (1673), tr. The Whole Duty of Man according to the Law of Nature (London, 1691). Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism, trs. J. Annas and J. Barnes, Outlines of Scepticism (Cambridge Cambridge U niversity Press, 1994). Stevenson, Charles L. , The Ethics of Language, (New Haven Yale University Press, 1944). Sumner, William Graham, Folkways (Boston Guinn, 1906). Author Information James Fieser Email emailprotected edu-27 University of Tennessee at Martin Last updated May 10, 2009 Originally produce June 29, 2003 -0 .. /mor-epis -1 .. /objectiv -2 .. /time -3 .. plato -4 .. /divine-c -5 .. /god-west -6 .. /ockham -7 .. /relativi -8 .. /praise -9 .. /hobmoral -10 .. /psychego/ -11 .. /butler -12 .. /humemora -13 .. /non-cogn -14 .. /kantmeta -15 .. /virtue -16 .. /moral-ch -17 .. /aris-eth -18 .. /hum-rts -19 .. /locke -20 .. /conseque -21 .. /egoism -22 .. /bentham -23 .. /moore -24 .. /soc-cont -25 .. /envi-eth -26 .. /sexualit -27 mailtoemailprotected edu

Describe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating Behaviour

Word count 2553 Describe and evaluate two onslaughtes to the word of egotism-defalimentation behavior. Module Five Jane Ovington May 2012 Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A motorbus , Steven Lucas, summon 1 of 9 Introduction This essay aims to attract and evaluate two undertakees to the treatment of egotism-importance-importance def have conduct. To do this I am employ the description of Anorexia Nervosa as a ego defeating doings, one which has far reaching consequences.I al low-spirited for include possible origins, causes and sustentation of Anorexia and describe two of many ways in which a therapist may assistance with this circumstance whilst weighing up the authoritys and weaknesses of each. Main essay What is egotism defeating demeanor? Self defeating deportment could be described as deportment that when comp ard to otherwise possible courses of action, it is never the best possible action for that individual. A self defeating behaviour leave at many poi nt support been used successfully as a coping strategy to get through with(predicate) a troublesome situation.This course of action is thusly stored in the subconscious by that individual as something that worked and thitherfore the behaviour will be re-produced again in time of perceived trouble. The self defeating behaviour will by its very nature actu exclusivelyy serve to attend that the business organisation or consequence that the psyche is try to avoid will in fact come to pass. (Chrysalis Year 2 Module5) What is Anorexia? Anorexia is an eating dis guild whose main feature is excessive load unit pass and obsessional exercise.A very low weight is achieved which is then maintained abnormally low for the patients age and height. The diseased mortal develops an concentrated desire to be thinner and an intense idolise of becoming fat. Their body image becomes comp permitely distorted and their body weight and shape become the main or even sole rate of self worth as maintaining an extremely low weight becomes equated with beauty, success, self-esteem, and self- reign. It is not seen as a problem by the assumeer. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A motorbus , Steven Lucas, pageboy 2 of 9Contrary to democratic sentiment this psychological and physical condition is not ordinarily about provender. It is a self defeating behaviour used as a way of winning underwrite and laborious to fuck off life better and is accompanied by a variety of changes in behaviour, emotions, thinking, perceptions, and social interactions. The name Anorexia nervosa is somewhat misleading as it literally means nervous loss of appetite. However, for people with this ail all waking thoughts ar dominated by food, weight, and body image and incredible levels of self bear are used to fight noticeings of intense hunger. http//ehealthmd. com/content/what-anorexia-nervosa) Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female and most much teenage girls. higher (prenominal) incidence of anorexia is often seen in environments where thinness is deemed to be especially desirable or a professional requirement, such as athletes, illustrations, dancers, and actors. In order to destroy the state of Anorexia Nervosa, a person must lose weight. The majority set out to do so deliberately because rightly or incorrectly they ascertain that they are too fat.For most people, dieting to lose weight is a struggle. Most dieters cheat or give up before they lose all the weight which they had intended to shed and for those who do reach their intended weight thither is a measure of blessedness and re-education of eating habits which allow them to maintain a lusty weight. In contrast, the soon to be anorexic finds slimming easy, rewarding and something they stinker be smashing at from the start, something they toilette control which brings noteings of success, power and triumph.The sense of satisfaction gained from the forbiddance of hunger and the l evel of self denial required to be successful is frequently reported by anorexic sick persons to be very empowering and so here we see how effective this behaviour may be viewed by the sufferer as a coping strategy. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A learn , Steven Lucas, page 3 of 9 My witness experience of this condition was one that arose when my best friend died at the age of 17. I knew for many months prior to her death that death would almost certainly be the outcome of her condition. I felt out of control there was nothing I could do to change the course of events.The one thing I could control however was what went into my mouth. This gave me a comforting sense of taking control of something. Something I makeed out to be good at, something I could focus on to benefit all the other uncontrollable feelings subside. Once these feelings arise, a venerate of losing control prevents the sufferer from resuming normal eating habits. Their experience is dominated by these feel go od feelings of control and power further it is perceived by the sufferer to be precarious and vulnerable and therefore threatened by any behaviour that may cause unwanted weight gain.The sufferers preoccupation with maintaining this new postition scrams to distort all other interests, concerns and relationships. In some cases the current position is never bounteous and weight loss progresses until it becomes life threatening. In most cases it bes that the anorexic starts out with similar behaviour and similar intention to the ordinary slimmer but something goes wrong and the slimming behaviour is inappropriately prolonged (My own experience). Ironically, go Anorexia starts out as a feeling of taking control, it rapidly descends into a devotion of losing the control the sufferer perceives themselves to have taken.All the while the condition is actually controlling the sufferer. While the media definitely plays a role in how we view ourselves, anorexia is a way of coping with w hats liberation on in a teens life. Stress, pain, anger, acceptance, confusion and fear plunder all become triggers for this debilitating eating throw out of kilter. The goal is one of seek to knead their whole life better. Families can play a huge role. Some families are over protective and smothering which can create a invite or rather a demand for independence. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 4 of 9Some families are critical of weight gain, academic or sporting accomplishments or are rigid and even abusive. Some younger people do not feel safe in their own homes, they dont realize where to turn or what to do and the submit to find a way to deal with whats going on in their lives. Life transitions such as a break up, a divorce, death of a loved one, failure at school or at work are all disagreeable incidents that need to be dealt with. Genetic factors can also play its part in contributing anorexia in teenage girls occurs eight times much of ten in people who have relatives with the disorder. Anorexia a guide to sufferers and their families R. L Palmer 1980). My own Mother was grossly overweight at the time of my condition and I viewed her as person who was completely out of control with no respect for herself. This was a very negative view, one which I could not see in myself at the other end of the spectrum Effects on families and friends For parents and others who are close to a person who is trapped inside the condition of anorexia, there can seem resembling there is no escape. It is difficult for them to understand and empathise with self noxious behaviours.It becomes extrememly distressing to see a loved one wasting away whilst refusing offers of food which seem such a tantalisingly simple solution to the problem. Feelings of helplesness and guilt set in, along with frustration, anger and despair. (Quote from my Mum from 1991). My Mother set about criticising my ridiculous behaviour in a bid to scare me into e ating this only served to make me more determined to empower myself with what had turned from self defeating behaviour into self destructive behaviour and ultimately formed a self defeating behaviour in my Mother. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 5 of 9Treatment The idea of being cured of Anorexia by the sufferer is usually completely undesirable because what that cure implies is that they will eat more food, put on more weight and become fat, the very thing they are trying to avoid Therefore, Anorexia has to be acknowledged as a problem by the sufferer before effective treatment can take bottom. Traditionaly the disorder is tough with a combination of individual psychotherapy and family therapy to look beyond the basic issue of food intake and consultation the emotional issues that underpin the disorder using a psychodynamic approach. Important ethical considerationsIt is important for therapists to consider that Anorexia Nervosa, although starts out as a self defeating behaviour, its consequences lead to many serious medical conditions which can range from malnutrition, loss of concentration and loss of periods to total organ failure and death. Therefore a therapist should never aim to treat the condition alone, but any psychological intervention to treat the primal causes should take place on base appropriate medical care. Any therapists working with an anorexic guest would incessantly need written medical consent and specialist supervision and should be experienced in this field of work.However, members of the sufferers family and close friends may also make from therapy to palm any stress, anxiety and guilt surrounding the issue and in the absence of any other contraindications, medical consent for this group would not be necessary. The psychodynamic approach The psychodynamic approach will view the nodes behaviour as being derived from some internal involvement, motive or unconscious force. Once it is discovered wher e this conflict began the therapist can set about working through those issues to a resolution. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 6 of 9Generally, it is believed that if behaviours are discontinued without addressing the underlying motives that are driveway them, then a relapse will occur. During my battle with Anorexia, I was hospitalised and fed to increase my body weight. I ate willingly and was quickly considered cured and action from the hospital. However, I had deliberately manipulated the situation with the view that the sooner I could escape the quicker I could get vertebral column on with the job. Taking control, to bring back the feel good feelings and the sense of empowerment that meant even more to me after having been overpowered in the hospital.Cl aboriginal this treatment was very ineffective. Later I sought help through a therapist who, using a psychodynamic approach, was able to take me back through the death of my friend and deal with the grief in an appropriate way. This eventually helped me to let go of controlling my food intake as a way of dealing with these suppressed emotions. Behavioural symptoms in the psychodynamic approach are viewed as expressions of the patients underlying needs. Often issues can disappear or lie dormant with the completion of working through these issues.However, a psychodynamic approach to anorexia is not all encompassing. During the convalescence process, anorexics will frequently suffer from feelings of panic as they learn to lessen their control. As weight is gained, they will feel anxious much of the time and suffer from low self esteem or perhaps even feel that they are a bad person and have to become a people pleaser to make up for it. Anorexics are very often perfectionists and can be very harsh on themselves. All these things combined can make the process of recovery a very stressful, anxious and self deprecating experience (My own experience).A cognitive behavioural ther apy approach may best meet the needs of a knob feeling this way. Anorexics are often not fully aware of the initial cause of the condition and therapy may be a way to Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 7 of 9 lift the lid off of buried emotions to enable sufferers to deal with their underlying emotions. During the grip of the disorder the over-riding emotion felt is fear and this fear over rides the bodys natural wisdom around food and eating, the sufferer distrusts themselves and fears that their secret greedy self may emerge and they will lose control completely.The sufferer will hate their secret greedy self and cognitive behavioural therapy would be a valuable tool in re edifice self trust, improving self esteem, and overcoming fear and anxiety that arises through the process of recovery. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a time-limited and focused approach that helps a person understand how their thinking and negative self-talk and self-image can in a flash impact their eating and negative behaviours. CBT usually focuses on aiming and altering dysfunctional thought patterns, attitudes and beliefs that may perpetuate the sufferers restrictive eating.A researcher in the early 1980s by the name of Chris Fairburn developed a specific model of CBT to help in the treatment of Anorexia, using the traditional foundations of CBT therapy helping a person understand, identify and change their irrational thoughts (the cognitive part) and helping a person make the changes real through specific behavioural interventions such as promoting sinewy eating behaviours through rewards. (http//psychcentral. com/lib/2006/treatment-for-anorexia/all/1/) Strengths and weaknessesIt is clear to see that both approaches are somewhat lacking and a multi-model approach should be taken to ensure success. The psychodynamic model will uncover the initial cause of the behaviour and addressing these issues will go a long way toward a successful outcome. H owever, it does not address the attendant negative thought processes that keep the sufferer a prisoner within the condition. This is something that a CBT approach can successfully address but a CBT approach could fail to prevent a relapse if the underlying reasons for the negative self talk are not uncovered.Both treatments together will hold more strength in long term success, but neither seeks to address nutritional issues, food related symptoms or deep seated behavioural rituals of the eating disorder. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 8 of 9 Summary Anorexia although initially can be viewed as a self defeating behaviour, is a complicated and mulit-faceted field and I would conduct a consistent and long course of therapy that may focus on a psychodynamic approach alongside person centred counselling, alongside cognitive behavioural therapy, alongside appropriate medical intervention.Hypnotherapy may also be used to improve self esteem, reduce stress a nd anxiety, coping with panic and confidence building to help the sufferer relax levels of control and resume a more healthy relationship with themselves. As the anorexic begins to regain trust in themselves and their body, they can begin to feel back in control of their emotions and thoughts, thus lessening their levels of anxiety and helping toward a successful recovery. Ultimately, the pace of therapy has to be set by the client and the client has to admit to the problem in the world-class place before any type of therapy can begin.References I personally suffered from this disorder from the ages of 17-21 and some of the discipline used has been based on my own experiences and that of my Parents. (Chrysalis Year 2 Module 5) R. L Palmer Anorexia Nervosa. A guide for sufferers and their families. Penguin Books 1980 (http//ehealthmd. com/content/what-anorexia-nervosa http//psychcentral. com/lib/2006/treatment-for-anorexia/all/1/) Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven L ucas, page 9 of 9 any type of therapy can begin. has to be set by the client and the client has to admit to the problem in the first place beforeDescribe and Evaluate Two Approaches to the Treatment of Self-Defeating BehaviourWord count 2553 Describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of self-defeating behaviour. Module Five Jane Ovington May 2012 Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 1 of 9 Introduction This essay aims to describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of self defeating behaviour. To do this I am using the description of Anorexia Nervosa as a self defeating behaviour, one which has far reaching consequences.I will include possible origins, causes and maintenance of Anorexia and describe two of many ways in which a therapist may help with this condition whilst weighing up the strengths and weaknesses of each. Main essay What is self defeating behaviour? Self defeating behaviour could be described as behaviour that when compare d to other possible courses of action, it is never the best possible action for that individual. A self defeating behaviour will at some point have been used successfully as a coping strategy to get through a difficult situation.This course of action is then stored in the subconscious by that individual as something that worked and therefore the behaviour will be re-produced again in times of perceived trouble. The self defeating behaviour will by its very nature actually serve to ensure that the fear or consequence that the person is trying to avoid will in fact come to pass. (Chrysalis Year 2 Module5) What is Anorexia? Anorexia is an eating disorder whose main feature is excessive weight loss and obsessive exercise.A very low weight is achieved which is then maintained abnormally low for the patients age and height. The sufferer develops an intense desire to be thinner and an intense fear of becoming fat. Their body image becomes completely distorted and their body weight and shap e become the main or even sole measure of self worth as maintaining an extremely low weight becomes equated with beauty, success, self-esteem, and self-control. It is not seen as a problem by the sufferer. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 2 of 9Contrary to popular belief this psychological and physical condition is not usually about food. It is a self defeating behaviour used as a way of taking control and trying to make life better and is accompanied by a variety of changes in behaviour, emotions, thinking, perceptions, and social interactions. The name Anorexia nervosa is somewhat misleading as it literally means nervous loss of appetite. However, for people with this disorder all waking thoughts are dominated by food, weight, and body image and incredible levels of self control are used to fight feelings of intense hunger. http//ehealthmd. com/content/what-anorexia-nervosa) Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female and most often teen age girls. Higher incidence of anorexia is often seen in environments where thinness is deemed to be especially desirable or a professional requirement, such as athletes, models, dancers, and actors. In order to enter the state of Anorexia Nervosa, a person must lose weight. The majority set out to do so deliberately because rightly or wrongly they feel that they are too fat.For most people, dieting to lose weight is a struggle. Most dieters cheat or give up before they lose all the weight which they had intended to shed and for those who do reach their intended weight there is a measure of satisfaction and re-education of eating habits which allow them to maintain a healthy weight. In contrast, the soon to be anorexic finds slimming easy, rewarding and something they can be good at from the start, something they can control which brings feelings of success, power and triumph.The sense of satisfaction gained from the suppression of hunger and the level of self denial required to be successful is frequently reported by anorexic sufferers to be very empowering and so here we see how effective this behaviour may be viewed by the sufferer as a coping strategy. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 3 of 9 My own experience of this condition was one that arose when my best friend died at the age of 17. I knew for many months prior to her death that death would almost certainly be the outcome of her condition. I felt out of control there was nothing I could do to change the course of events.The one thing I could control however was what went into my mouth. This gave me a comforting sense of taking control of something. Something I turned out to be good at, something I could focus on to make all the other uncontrollable feelings subside. Once these feelings arise, a fear of losing control prevents the sufferer from resuming normal eating habits. Their experience is dominated by these feel good feelings of control and power but it is perceived by the sufferer to be precarious and vulnerable and therefore threatened by any behaviour that may cause unwanted weight gain.The sufferers preoccupation with maintaining this new postition begins to distort all other interests, concerns and relationships. In some cases the current position is never enough and weight loss progresses until it becomes life threatening. In most cases it seems that the anorexic starts out with similar behaviour and similar intention to the ordinary slimmer but something goes wrong and the slimming behaviour is inappropriately prolonged (My own experience). Ironically, while Anorexia starts out as a feeling of taking control, it rapidly descends into a fear of losing the control the sufferer perceives themselves to have taken.All the while the condition is actually controlling the sufferer. While the media definitely plays a role in how we view ourselves, anorexia is a way of coping with whats going on in a teens life. Stress, pain, anger, acceptance, conf usion and fear can all become triggers for this debilitating eating disorder. The goal is one of trying to make their whole life better. Families can play a huge role. Some families are over protective and smothering which can create a need or rather a demand for independence. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 4 of 9Some families are critical of weight gain, academic or sporting accomplishments or are rigid and even abusive. Some younger people do not feel safe in their own homes, they dont know where to turn or what to do and the need to find a way to deal with whats going on in their lives. Life transitions such as a break up, a divorce, death of a loved one, failure at school or at work are all stressful incidents that need to be dealt with. Genetic factors can also play its part in contributing anorexia in teenage girls occurs eight times more often in people who have relatives with the disorder. Anorexia a guide to sufferers and their families R. L Palmer 1980). My own Mother was grossly overweight at the time of my condition and I viewed her as someone who was completely out of control with no respect for herself. This was a very negative view, one which I could not see in myself at the other end of the spectrum Effects on families and friends For parents and others who are close to a person who is trapped inside the condition of anorexia, there can seem like there is no escape. It is difficult for them to understand and empathise with self destructive behaviours.It becomes extrememly distressing to see a loved one wasting away whilst refusing offers of food which seem such a tantalisingly simple solution to the problem. Feelings of helplesness and guilt set in, along with frustration, anger and despair. (Quote from my Mum from 1991). My Mother set about criticising my ridiculous behaviour in a bid to scare me into eating this only served to make me more determined to empower myself with what had turned from self defeating be haviour into self destructive behaviour and ultimately formed a self defeating behaviour in my Mother. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 5 of 9Treatment The idea of being cured of Anorexia by the sufferer is usually completely undesirable because what that cure implies is that they will eat more food, put on more weight and become fat, the very thing they are trying to avoid Therefore, Anorexia has to be acknowledged as a problem by the sufferer before effective treatment can take place. Traditionaly the disorder is treated with a combination of individual psychotherapy and family therapy to look beyond the basic issue of food intake and address the emotional issues that underpin the disorder using a psychodynamic approach. Important ethical considerationsIt is important for therapists to consider that Anorexia Nervosa, although starts out as a self defeating behaviour, its consequences lead to many serious medical conditions which can range from malnutrit ion, loss of concentration and loss of periods to total organ failure and death. Therefore a therapist should never aim to treat the condition alone, but any psychological intervention to treat the underlying causes should take place alongside appropriate medical care. Any therapists working with an anorexic client would always need written medical consent and specialist supervision and should be experienced in this field of work.However, members of the sufferers family and close friends may also benefit from therapy to address any stress, anxiety and guilt surrounding the issue and in the absence of any other contraindications, medical consent for this group would not be necessary. The psychodynamic approach The psychodynamic approach will view the clients behaviour as being derived from some internal conflict, motive or unconscious force. Once it is discovered where this conflict began the therapist can set about working through those issues to a resolution. Jane Ovington Chrysal is North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 6 of 9Generally, it is believed that if behaviours are discontinued without addressing the underlying motives that are driving them, then a relapse will occur. During my battle with Anorexia, I was hospitalised and fed to increase my body weight. I ate willingly and was quickly considered cured and discharged from the hospital. However, I had deliberately manipulated the situation with the view that the sooner I could escape the quicker I could get back on with the job. Taking control, to bring back the feel good feelings and the sense of empowerment that meant even more to me after having been overpowered in the hospital.Clearly this treatment was very ineffective. Later I sought help through a therapist who, using a psychodynamic approach, was able to take me back through the death of my friend and deal with the grief in an appropriate way. This eventually helped me to let go of controlling my food intake as a way of dealing with these suppre ssed emotions. Behavioural symptoms in the psychodynamic approach are viewed as expressions of the patients underlying needs. Often issues can disappear or lie dormant with the completion of working through these issues.However, a psychodynamic approach to anorexia is not all encompassing. During the recovery process, anorexics will frequently suffer from feelings of panic as they learn to lessen their control. As weight is gained, they will feel anxious much of the time and suffer from low self esteem or perhaps even feel that they are a bad person and have to become a people pleaser to make up for it. Anorexics are very often perfectionists and can be very harsh on themselves. All these things combined can make the process of recovery a very stressful, anxious and self deprecating experience (My own experience).A cognitive behavioural therapy approach may best meet the needs of a client feeling this way. Anorexics are often not fully aware of the initial cause of the condition and therapy may be a way to Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 7 of 9 lift the lid off of buried emotions to enable sufferers to deal with their underlying emotions. During the grip of the disorder the over-riding emotion felt is fear and this fear over rides the bodys natural wisdom around food and eating, the sufferer distrusts themselves and fears that their secret greedy self may emerge and they will lose control completely.The sufferer will hate their secret greedy self and cognitive behavioural therapy would be a valuable tool in rebuilding self trust, improving self esteem, and overcoming fear and anxiety that arises through the process of recovery. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a time-limited and focused approach that helps a person understand how their thinking and negative self-talk and self-image can directly impact their eating and negative behaviours. CBT usually focuses on identifying and altering dysfunctional thought patterns, attitude s and beliefs that may perpetuate the sufferers restrictive eating.A researcher in the early 1980s by the name of Chris Fairburn developed a specific model of CBT to help in the treatment of Anorexia, using the traditional foundations of CBT therapy helping a person understand, identify and change their irrational thoughts (the cognitive part) and helping a person make the changes real through specific behavioural interventions such as promoting healthy eating behaviours through rewards. (http//psychcentral. com/lib/2006/treatment-for-anorexia/all/1/) Strengths and weaknessesIt is clear to see that both approaches are somewhat lacking and a multi-model approach should be taken to ensure success. The psychodynamic model will uncover the initial cause of the behaviour and addressing these issues will go a long way toward a successful outcome. However, it does not address the subsequent negative thought processes that keep the sufferer a prisoner within the condition. This is somethin g that a CBT approach can successfully address but a CBT approach could fail to prevent a relapse if the underlying reasons for the negative self talk are not uncovered.Both treatments together will hold more strength in long term success, but neither seeks to address nutritional issues, food related symptoms or deep seated behavioural rituals of the eating disorder. Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 8 of 9 Summary Anorexia although initially can be viewed as a self defeating behaviour, is a complicated and mulit-faceted field and I would expect a consistent and long course of therapy that may focus on a psychodynamic approach alongside person centred counselling, alongside cognitive behavioural therapy, alongside appropriate medical intervention.Hypnotherapy may also be used to improve self esteem, reduce stress and anxiety, coping with panic and confidence building to help the sufferer relax levels of control and resume a more healthy relationship with t hemselves. As the anorexic begins to regain trust in themselves and their body, they can begin to feel back in control of their emotions and thoughts, thus lessening their levels of anxiety and helping toward a successful recovery. Ultimately, the pace of therapy has to be set by the client and the client has to admit to the problem in the first place before any type of therapy can begin.References I personally suffered from this disorder from the ages of 17-21 and some of the information used has been based on my own experiences and that of my Parents. (Chrysalis Year 2 Module 5) R. L Palmer Anorexia Nervosa. A guide for sufferers and their families. Penguin Books 1980 (http//ehealthmd. com/content/what-anorexia-nervosa http//psychcentral. com/lib/2006/treatment-for-anorexia/all/1/) Jane Ovington Chrysalis North2A Tutor , Steven Lucas, page 9 of 9 any type of therapy can begin. has to be set by the client and the client has to admit to the problem in the first place before

Importance of Baptism

Importance of Baptism It has great significance. It is an outward symbol of an inner change and shimmy that is supposed to take place beforehand. It is an act of sincerity and purity. So what exactly is this? Baptism. In Christianity, Baptism is very master(prenominal) and signifies the beginning of a new life. It takes a megabucks of courage and fortitude to make this decision. Baptism is very important. Jesus said If anyone desires to come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me. (Luke 923). Baptism goes hand in hand with this scripture from the bible. When one is baptized, he or she is making a decision to stand with God and not conform to conventional values/ways of the society. Theyre making a decision to start afresh and be renewed. Also, they are to leave behind their past life as quoted in the scripture. Therefore put to death your members which are on the earth fornication, uncleanness, passion, evil desire, and covetousness, which is idolatry. (Colossians 35)So why exactly is baptism important? Well, It is very important to pick up that baptism guarantees no one an entrance into the gates of heaven. If there isnt true conversion, being baptized would be meaningless. In the bible, Jesus said, He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved but he that believeth not shall be damned. (Mark 1616). It is obvious that baptism is very important to Jesus. It is also an important role to one, as a Christian. Since it was important to him, it should be important to us followers.The best and very significant quote from the bible that explains how important baptism is is in Matthew 2819-20. This is also very important due to the fact that it was one of Jesus closing words here on earth. It says, Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost command them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you and, lo, I am with you always, even unt o the end of the world. Amen.

How Women are portrayed in Death of a Salesman Essay

Linda Lowman is a charr who seemed to be taken for granted in the Lowman household notwithstanding that did not mean she was powerless. The Great Depression reinforced feminine domesticity, which was top offly shown in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller through Linda (Koenig 1). In the time period that this play took place women did not know either other life than to stay at home and tend to their families. This being the case, Linda took c ar of the home however was not at each powerless because she dealt with all of Willys problems and held the family together. Miller portrays Linda as a cleaning woman who is submissive to her keep up, which exemplifies that he is an anti feminist. The other woman in the play is also negatively portrayed as a stereotypical bimbo.Through let on the play, Miller depicts Linda as powerless and highly dependent on Willy but by digging deeper into her actions, one cigarette see is the impalebone to the family. bore the cross of reality for them all, supporting her conserve, keeping up her calm, enthusiastic smile (Bigsby viii). Linda is portrayed by Miller as a in truth weak individual mainly by how Willy speaks to her. In one particular example Willy loses his temper at Linda and says, Shut upshut uptheres nothing wrong with him, which leaves Linda in tears (Miller 27). The abuse that Willy exerts on Linda is not to be taken as a representation of how he truly views women. But rather, Miller makes statements which show how highly he thinks of Linda such asLinda is tough. She is a fighter. Willy is prone to bully her, cut off her sentencesthis is a woman who has sustained the family when Willy has allowed fantasy to replace truth, who has lived with the knowledge of his suicidal intent, who sees through her sons bluster and demands their support (Bigsby xix). The description that Miller just gave of Linda exemplifies her as a actually independent, strong, pleasing woman who will doanything to keep her family toge ther. Although Miller depicts Linda as a strong woman in the play the movie, shows otherwise. During the movie it seems that Willy is not only emotionally, but forciblely abusive to Linda.This may be the reason that Linda is so loyal to Willy out of fear instead of love (Schlondorf). By Linda staying with Willy even passim physical abuse is showing that Miller feels as though women arent independent or strong enough to leave their husbands and the men receive a disposition of empowerment through dominion over women, The woman makes him feel he is an important salesman and powerful man (Ribkoff 123). This negative connotation towards women shows that Miller is an anti feminist. by from Linda Lowman, some other woman in the play is depicted in a negative, stereotypical way. Towards the end of the play we discover that Willy has been cheating on Linda with the other woman. Stereotypically, the other woman is considered a whore and usually dumb or ditzy. The woman laughing gaily con stantly represents the idea that she is considered to be dumb, for example The adult female enters, laughing Willy Will you recrudesce laughing? Will you? (Miller 91). The movie shows this woman as a young, blonde, attractive woman who seems very ditzy and carefree. This portrayal of the woman is very stereotypical of bimbos and women who would sleep with a married man. Miller is creating a picture of this woman through the play and movie, which is quite negative towards women. The way he views women is clear stupid, dependent, and promiscuous, although at times he seems to depict the women in the play as strong individuals.It is surprising that Willy engages in this verbal abuse towards Linda in the company of others. On some occasions Biff and Happy have been present to hear Willy fix up down and yell at their mother. After repeatedly being told to stop by Biff it seems Willy will eventually give in and the attacks will subside. Out of the two brothers Biff is the only one who says anything to Willy and stands up for his mother. When Wily finds out that Biff is going to try and start a business he is overjoyed until Linda chimes in as well and tries to put in her two sense. put ont yell at her, Pop, will ya?I dont like you yelling at her all the time, and Im tellin you, thats all. displace yelling at her is an example of how Biff stands up for Linda and isbothered by how she is treated. Biff locoweed differentiate between what his father thinks is the right thing to do, and what is actually the right thing to do. He knows he isnt perfect, but he admits to his mistakes and learns form then, unlike his father, Willy, But unlike his father, he faces, and learns from his shame (Ribkoff 124).When Miller adds separate where men stand up for women it in unclear how he feels about feminism. From this example of Biff standing up for Linda it seems he is pro feminist but on the other hand, the way he describes the women in the play makes one think otherwise. Ha ppy on the other hand does not say anything throughout this argument or others like it. Even though Willy yells at Linda quite often she does not defend herself. Maybe the reason she is not fighting back when being verbally abused is not because she is a doormat but because she is so exhausted from caring for everything else. This is an example of how Linda advise be seen as powerless. In the introduction Rhoda Koenig describes Linda Lowman as a dumb and useful doormat and does not stand up for herself (Bigsby xix).Linda has a lot on her plate between her husband losing touch with reality, her sons not having solid jobs and the lack of money in their household. She deals with all these tough situations very well and does not even put up a fight when she is yelled at by her husband. Linda manages to stay collected for the most part even though she holds very heavy burdens. She decides to change state one of her burdens on Biff when she tells him about his fatherHes been trying to k ill himselfthe insurance inspector cameall those car accidents in the last year werent accidentsI went down to the cellar. And behind the fuse box- it just happened to fall out- was a length of rubber pipe- just short. And sure enough, on the bottom of the piss heater theres a new little nipple on the gas pipe (Miller 43).Knowing your husband has plans or had plans to kill himself can obviously take a large toll on someone but Linda keeps it together. She has so much love for Willy that she puts up with everything that is going on. She tells him he can be the best and tells him she believes in him, whether shebelieves it or not. Aside from her husband, Linda has to deal with Biff not having a job and Willy and Biff arguing all the time. Biff does not want to become a salesman because he would rather be outdoors and this causes a lot of conflict between him and his father. Although he was not getting as many perks as he would being a salesman he was still doing what he loved. To su ffer fifty weeks of the year for the sake of a two-week vacation, when all you in reality desire is to be outdoors, with your shirt off (Miller 11). Willy cannot understand why Biff would not want to be a salesman and resents the fact that he has not been very successful.Laundry, hole stockings, worrying about bills, and groceries are a few of the things Linda Lowman does on a daily basis. These tasks are assumed to be the role of a housewife, which is another example of how Miller sees women. It is clear that in the Lowman household, Linda is responsible for all the household responsibilities, which at that time became quite common As mens look at in domestic activity began to disappear, housework truly became womens work (Leonard 307). Willy Lowman does go out and work throughout the day, but barely, while Linda is taking care of many responsibilities. It is clear that Miller feels the woman should be staying at home and taking care of the entire house as well as tending to her husbands needs.Linda is always trying to please Willy by saying things like Ill make you a sandwichthe cheese is on the middle ledge and making sure he is completely satisfied. During the play, Linda always seems to be mending stockings, which is also stereotypical behavior of a housewife. Willy gets very angry when he sees her mending stockings because he feels so guilty about the other woman. When him and the woman have their encounters he always seems to give her a pair of stockings, and thanks for the stockings, which has occurred in two ways in the play (Miller 26). Willy goes off to work and Linda takes care of the house, worries about the money and makes sure she is completely devoted to Willy when he gets home. Miller seems to have a traditionalistic view when dealing with the roles of women and men in the family.It seems like Miller is a closet pro feminist from time to time throughout the play. Although most of his portrayals of women are negative and verystereotypical, there are certain instances where he leans in the opposite direction. For example, when Biff stood up for Linda as Willy was yelling at her that showed that Miller matte up Linda should have been stood up for. The negative connotations towards women in this book do not equate to the pro feminism examples throughout the book. It is tough to evaluate how Miller in reality feels about women and their place in the household, workplace and their general personalities.Works CitedBigsby, Christopher. Introduction. New York Penguin Group, 1998Koenig, Rhoda. Seduced by Salesmans Patter. The Sunday Times. London, October 26, 1996, 10.4.Leonard, Eileen B. Household Labor and technology in a Consumer Culture. Composing Gender. Boston Bedford, 2009.Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York Penguin Group, 1976Schlondorf, Volker, dir. Dofas. Perf. Dustin Hoffman, Kate Reid, John Malkovich. VHS. Lorimar Home Video, 1986.