Neuroscience Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Neuroscience - Research Paper Example Hence more research is warranted in the field of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological management of depression. The article is about a study by Ming-li et al (2011) in which the researchers examined the efficacy and also the safety of sleep electroencephalogram modulated repetitive rTMS (SEM-rTMS group) for the purpose of treatment of depression. This was a randomized controlled trial in which 164 patients were divided randomly into 3 groups. The patients recruited were those with a diagnosis of depression defined clinically. Psychoactive medication was stopped 7 days prior to the trial. The 3 groups were sleep electroencephalogram modulated repetitive rTMS group, the conventional rTMS group and the sham rTMS group. Patients in each of the assigned groups were treated with the assigned treatment for 30 minutes every day for 10 days. 24-item Hamilton rating scale for depression was used for evaluation of response to treatment and clinical outcome. The results of the study show ed that in the SEM-rTMS group, 21 cases showed significant clinical improvement according to the scale when compared to 6 in the C-rTMS group and only 2 in the sham-rTMS group.

Marketing management- next Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing management- next - Essay Example The target market for Next Direct in India mainly includes young age group of people from urban areas with higher middle income. In India, the domestic as well as some foreign apparel retailers are dominating and they are also offering online retailing services. Hence, it needs to reposition itself by offering comparatively lower priced brand products. The price is a key factor in Indian market and Next Direct must offer better discounts, offers though loyalty cards schemes. Moreover, Next Direct also needs to incorporate ethical marketing concepts for its Indian market by focusing on better consumer satisfaction level. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION 4 PLC STAGE 5 TARGET MARKET 7 PRODUCT REPOSITIONING 10 PRICING STRATEGIES 12 ETHICS 13 CONCLUSION 14 RECOMMENDATION 15 REFERENCE 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 17 INTRODUCTION Next Plc is a UK-based retail chain and it also present in the multiple countries like India, China, European countries, U.S.A. etc. It is primarily engaged i n the retailing business of the apparels, accessories, home products and other electrical consumer durable products. In its domestic country, UK and in Eire it has nearly 500 stores. Besides, in International markets, it is operating with more than 180 stores (Next Plc-a, 2011). Recently, the retailer faced a steep fall in its sales revenue during financial crisis of 2007-2008. However, with the recovering economy, Next Plc’s financial statements are recovering with an increase in the sales comparing to the previous financial year. With recovering economy, the competition in the market is expected to intensify as its competitors will try to the recover their losses due to financial crisis during 2008 to 2009 (Clark, 2011). In such situation, Next Plc must try to reposition itself in the competitive market by gaining effective sustainable completive advantages. However, the recovering growth rate of UK (as per GDP real growth rate 1.6%) is much slower in comparison to other de veloping countries like China and India (CIA, 2011). Therefore, opportunities in these developing countries are far better than other recovering developing countries like UK and U.S.A. Next Plc can try to reposition its apparels in the Indian retail market as Indian economy is growing at a faster rate i.e. 8.3% (CIA-b, 2011). Next Plc can focus on its apparel product segments to reposition itself in Indian market. With enhancing disposable income of the Indian consumers demand for clothes and related accessories are rising (Mirdha, 2011). PLC STAGE Kasse has explained that a PLC â€Å"is the period of time, consisting of phases that begins when a product is conceived and ends when the product in no longer available for use† (Kasse, 2008, p.56). The clothes and apparels are generally belongs to the fashionable consumer products and fashion industry keeps changing its trends by introducing multiple product developments as per current trends. Generally, clothes can be categorize d into three types i.e. fashion, fad and basic products and hence, as per three types of apparel categories, the PLC is given below. Figure 1: PLC for Apparels and Clothes (Source: Cornell University, 2006) The basic clothes and apparels are already in its declining phase and fashionable clothes are in correct trend. However, the fad clothes have the minimum life cycle as its popularity changes frequently among the youngsters. BCG matrix is a model to

Symptoms Of Disorganized Schizophrenia Psychology Essay

Symptoms Of Disorganized Schizophrenia Psychology Essay Schizophrenia  is a severe mental disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations and physical agitation; which typically causes such patients to severely misjudge the distinction between reality and their imagination. Schizophrenias prevalence in the world was highlighted as 26th in the list of diseases, ranked according to their contribution to their overall burden to society as a whole according to a study done by Murray and Lopez, 1996. For example, it is estimated to have cost the NHS an outstanding  £4.7 billion in the UK during 2004/05 [25]. In addition in this essay I will discuss a range of elements, from what factors increase the susceptibility of inducing schizophrenia and the current treatments on offer that will help alleviate common symptoms. The disease itself has a broad influence on several other prominent factors, involving both the individuals themselves but also the global community, which will be later discussed, in regards to their social and economic co ntext. Schizophrenia is such an enormous problem since no permanent cure currently exists. Types of schizophrenia There are 3 specific classes of schizophrenia [2]: Paranoid schizophrenia Disorganized schizophrenia Catatonic schizophrenia Symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia The dominant feature of paranoid schizophrenia is excessive suspicion and delusions of being oppressed. Symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia Disorganized schizophrenia usually becomes visible at an earlier age in comparison to the other types of schizophrenia. Individuals with disorganized schizophrenia struggle with the responsibility of supporting themselves. Therefore may be incapable of fulfilling basics needs, for example, being able to feed themselves. The following includes additional symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia: Weakened ability to communicate Slurred speech Immature behaviour Expression of inappropriate feelings, in the wrong situation. Symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia The interference in movement summaries catatonic schizophrenia: This can either be a decline in motor neuron activity (stupor state) or a rise in motor neuron activity (excited state). Stuporous (a  state  of unresponsiveness) motor signs. Sudden stoppage of all intentional movement and dialogue. Excited motor signs.  Occasionally, schizophrenics may drastically change from a state of stupor to a state of extreme exhilaration. Throughout this hyperactive phase, they may illustrate rapid speech or uncontrollable movement and even act out in violence, either self-inflicting or to someone else Example of the Symptoms of Schizophrenia [6] The following summarises common symptoms that arise in schizophrenics: Hallucinations Sudden changes in behaviour Depression Delusions Loss of insight What causes schizophrenia? The cause for schizophrenia has been the subject of vigorous debate, with numerous elements being proposed, discounted or amended. In contrary to this, it has to this day not yet been diagnosed by scientists to be solely induced by one particular factor. It is however thought to be a result of a combination of elements, which differ in every patient. Recent studies have suggested that the following have been significant contributors consisting of a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, for example, prenatal development, genetics, psychology and neurobiology. [3] Genetic causes of schizophrenia Schizophrenia has a strong hereditary component which is shown to run in families, but no individual gene is accountable. It has been said that a combination of genes pose the potential to make people more susceptible to the disorder. In addition, people genetically predisposed to the condition have not always illustrated its symptoms, meaning that the biology of it will not guarantee having the condition. Studies imply that genes account for half (estimate) the risk of developing schizophrenia. Individuals with a parent or sibling who suffers from schizophrenia have a 10% chance of developing the illness, in comparison to the 1% chance of the general population. Identical twins who have precisely the same genetic make-up as one another, if one of the two siblings has schizophrenia, their twin has a 48% probability of developing it too. For example, Gottesman (1991) obtained data from the Maudsley twin register and then examined the records of 40 schizophrenics studies between 1948 and 1964.  Through statistical analysis he determined that 48% of the twins who were monozygotic (identical developed from one oocyte) happened to be concordant (when both have or both lack a given trait) and for dizygotic (not identical developed from two oocyte) only 16%.   This further demonstrates that schizophrenia is not solely genetic; otherwise the concordance for MZ twins would be 100%. Provided below is a table illustrating additional information regarding the risk of developing schizophrenia for different individuals [4]. Relatives with schizophrenia Chance of developing schizophrenia None 1 in 100 1 parent 1 in 10 1 identical twin (same genetic make-up) 1 in 2 1 non-identical twin (different genetic make-up) 1 in 80 Table 1: This table illustrates the risk of individuals developing schizophrenia if someone in their family has been diagnosed. Environmental causes of schizophrenia As discussed previously inherited genes make an individual greater exposed to schizophrenia and moreover environmental factors can too then act on this vulnerability to trigger the condition. In regards to the environmental aspects involved, on-going research is indicating the contribution of stress, either throughout pregnancy or at a further phase of life. High levels of stress activate schizophrenia by increasing the bodys manufacture of the steroid hormone cortisol. Cortisol normally controls the bodies fight or flight response, although long-term exposure can damage and reduce the number of nerve cells in the hippocampus, the brains primary memory centre. As a result theres a decline in the transmission of nerve impulses for memory recall, this damage results in memory loss and impaired learning, features associated with the mental disorder. Pregnancy where maternal stress is likely to be induced could possibly affect the development of the baby according to Gilmore Murrays study in 2006 [8] [23]. To determine whether prenatal stress alters neural, hormonal, and behavioural processes, in an experiment they carried out, pregnant rhesus monkeys were deliberately stressed frequently for 6 weeks of their pregnancy with various stimuli. Between 2-3 years of age, hippocampal volume, neurogenesis (generation of neurons), and cortisol levels were monitored in the offspring produced from both stressed and control pregnancies. Prenatal stress caused a reduced hippocampal volume and an inhibition of neurogenesis. These findings indicate that the prenatal environment can alter behaviour and affect the hippocampal structure of primates in a persistent manner. Furthermore if the mother happens to be anxious (stressed) while pregnant, there have been noticeable results suggesting reduced blood flow to the baby via the uterine arteries; blood vessels that supply nutrition and blood to the uterus. This could justify abnormalities in the development of the baby and the mothers high cortisol levels (a dominant stress hormone) could too pass onto the foetus. If adequate cortisol transports through the placenta from the mother to the foetus. This in turn could potentially affect the development of the brain and the future stress responses of the baby, thereby enhancing the risk of schizophrenia arising. Studies point to numerous stress-inducing environmental influences that may be related to schizophrenia, for example [22]: Inadequate oxygen levels during labour (due to prolonged labour or premature birth) Exposure to a virus during infancy e.g. T Gondi Drug abuse A relationship between marijuana use and the disorder has been suggested several years ago (Andreasson, Allebeck et al. 1987).   These conclusions have been validated by additional research.   Fundamentally, the deductions drawn from many of these reports were that marijuana use can induce psychosis.  Ã‚   For example, according to Thomas H, he stated the occurrence of psychotic symptoms amongst marijuana users in a random selection of volunteers from New Zealand. Fourteen percent of cannabis users described strange, unpleasant experiences such as hearing voices or becoming convinced that someone is trying to harm you or that you are being persecuted after consuming the substance. Such symptoms are frequent with schizophrenics too. [29] In addition Mathers DC conducted a study of patients residing in two London hospitals whose urine was investigated for the presence of cannabinoids (the active constituents of cannabis). They found a link between the presence of cannabinoids in urine and the disorder. This suggests a potential correlation and not entirely causual link, either that cannabis use increases the likely hood of being predisposed to a mental illness or that substance abuse is commonly adopted with post diagnosis [28]. The reliability of this data can be disputed even though it is a published study, a sample size made up of two individuals is notably small, especially when schizophrenia affects 1% of the global population, hence it may not be appropriate in statistical representation of the entire population because fewer risk factors can be taken into account to generate sound data, prove that a correlation exists and thus make any hypothesis meaningful. The cannabinoids found in cannabis, once consumed are thought to interfere with normal neural transmissions. The normal release of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and dopamine (chemicals that help transmit impulses) from post synaptic neurons are seen to be inhibited (Gill et al, 1970). In turn excitatory postsynaptic currents in neurons were dramatically reduced. If this process becomes perpetual prominent effects of cannabinoids include disruption of psychomotor behaviour (such as speech and coordination) and shortà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ term memory impairment [33].  In addition psychomotor retardation consists of several symptoms that have been acknowledged in schizophrenia. However there is miniscule evidence that such impairments are permanent stated by Manuel Morrens study in 2006. Abnormal brain structure Due to the progression in neuroimaging, technology now allows scientists to examine functions in living organisms and in particular brain structure. Investigations involving schizophrenics have identified irregularities in brain structure according to Johnstone (1976) [27]. Such as the expansion of the ventricles (fluid-filled cavities), the decline in size and metabolic activity in particular brain regions. These brain ventricles signify an insufficiency in the volume of brain matter. In addition evidence of abnormally low activity in the frontal lobe; the area of the brain accountable for higher order functioning including; speech and decision-making has too been gathered. Which could explain why schizophrenics experience slurred speech. Regardless of the evidence of brain abnormalities, it is doubtful that schizophrenia is caused by a single issue in any one area of the brain. Moreover microscopic studies of dead brain tissue in schizophrenics have also illustrated slight alterati ons in the distribution of brain cells. However these defects are not characteristic of  all  people with schizophrenia, neither do they happen  solely in people with the disorder. [7][8] This image is of 28-year-old identical twins, one with schizophrenia and the other well. Hence it clearly illustrates two points: (1) schizophrenia is a brain disease with measurable structural and functional abnormalities in the brain; and (2) it is not solely a genetic disease, and that other biological elements contribute in its etiology. C:UsersRahmanDocumentsSchizopherniaschizophrenia-brains-identical-twins.jpg Figure 1 MRI scans of 28-year-old identical male twins showing the enlarged brain ventricles in the twin with schizophrenia (right) compared to his well brother (left) Neurotransmitters Brain cells need messages to be transported between them; neurotransmitters are the chemicals that carry out this requirement. Neurotransmitters and schizophrenia have shown to demonstrate a relationship since medicines that adjust the levels of neurotransmitters in the brain are recognized to alleviate a few of the symptoms of schizophrenia. Therefore schizophrenia could possibly be triggered by an alteration in the level of the two neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine chemicals that help transmit nerve impulses from one nerve cell (neurone) to another across a synapse (gap between two neurones), investigations have suggested [7][8]. Lastly the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine thought to reduce relapse time (suffer deterioration after a period of improvement), which too blocks dopamine-receptor complexes forming suggests that an imbalance of the two could possibly be the foundation of the problem. Genes In addition in 2006 a Gene linked to schizophrenia had been found, a University team from Edinburgh found people predisposed with what is called Neuregulin (gene) had a higher chance of developing similar psychotic symptoms. The longitudinal study followed a group of 200, of the same age and gender, for a period of 10 years. [9][10][11] This study could be deemed reliable to an extent, seeing as though 10 years is an extremely substantial amount of time, hence a vast amount of data could be collected to either support or disprove the theory. In addition by following individuals of the same age and gender, further risk factors that could influence the results were controlled. Meaning the data would be valid, because any results would be more likely to be influenced by genes alone. Neuregulin 3 is clearly one more gene to add to the few currently known to contribute to schizophrenia, says David Valle, director of the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine at Hopkins. Pregnancy and birth complications The following circumstances increase the risk of the child developing schizophrenia later in life [8]: Exposure to a virus while in the womb Asphyxia (Lack of oxygen) during birth Malnutrition during pregnancy (Susser et al. 1996) How is schizophrenia treated? Due to the cause for schizophrenia still being undetermined, treatments target alleviating the symptoms. These include the use of both antipsychotic medication and various other psychosocial management techniques. Antipsychotic drugs assist in normalizing the biochemical imbalances that cause schizophrenia. Antipsychotic medications Medications used to treat schizophrenia are referred to as antipsychotics. Antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists they block receptors on the surface of neurons. How do antipsychotic drugs work? Neurons (nerve cells) carry electrical impulses through their branches. Neurons communicate chemically by sending out bursts of chemical signals (neurotransmitters NTs) into the synapse (space between neurons) and then sticking to receptors on receiving neuron. Receptors are shaped to fit with specific NTs and generate a new signal/change in the receiving cell. Molecules of antipsychotic drugs are deliberately shaped so that they stick to the dopamine receptors first; therefore preventing the binding of NTs so no signal goes through to the post-synaptic/receiving cell. [30] G:BlackBerrypicturesIMG00079-20130303-1521.jpg Figure 2 The picture above illustrates how the antipsychotic drug works by blocking the receptors on the post-synaptic neuron. The following include frequently used medicine [13]: Chlorpromazine C:UsersRahmanDocumentsSchizopherniaChlorpromazine 2D skeletal.png Figure 3 This picture illustrates the chemical composition of the antipsychotic Clozapine.Haloperidol Ondansetron Clozapine Clozapine as mentioned above is an effective drug utilized in treating psychotic symptoms, for example, hallucinations or long breaks with reality. Because antipsychotic drugs inhibit neurotransmitter and receptor complexes forming, such nerve impulses cannot be passed on through the neural pathway. In turn this prevents such thoughts from being processed by the CNS (central nervous system), including the brain and hence the patient doesnt encounter similar problems as before. However it too has its drawbacks, it can occasionally result in the loss of white blood cells which assist the immune system to fight off infection. As a result clozapine users require regular weekly blood tests in order to have their white blood cell count checked [26]. Moreover such a side effect can become an issue where health services are limited in availability, as well as the problem of being able to cope with the cost of blood tests and medicine, making treatment with clozapine demanding for a large majority of individuals. However clozapine is potentially valuable for those who have developed a resistance to alternative antipsychotic medication. What are the side effects? Further side effects may occur when schizophrenics begin taking their medication. Side effects of many antipsychotics include [14]: Tiredness Light-headedness Obscured vision Increased heart rate Inflammation Menstrual complications for women. One of the challenges with any form of medication is that a minority of individuals unable to tolerate the adverse side effects of the drug prescribed for their condition terminate its use into several months of their treatment. Furthermore in reference to a more serious medical note, persistent use (over several years) of antipsychotic drugs pose the risk of developing tardive dyskinesia (TD), a disorder categorised by involuntary movements. This may involve jerk movements of the limps (arms or legs) and certain other features of the body. However it only occurs in between 15-20% of all cases. The symptoms of TD are minor, to the extent where patients could possibly be unaware [13]. Its cause is supposed to be a result of prolonged inhibition of dopamine D2  receptors (a cell that dopamine binds to) which is thought to cause a surge in the quantity of D2  receptors in the striated section of the brain (regulates muscle contraction). This increase of D2  receptors enhances the chance of dopamine-receptor complexes forming, thereby leading to further impulsive muscle contraction. [34] Moreover typical antipsychotics can lead to severe obesity and alterations in a persons metabolism. This in turn can increase the possibility of diabetes and high cholesterol levels forming (therefore there is a need for doctors to regularly monitor a persons weight, glucose levels and liquid levels). Psychosocial Treatments (Alternative Treatment) Along with the more common psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia, for example, hallucinations, which antipsychotic drugs have demonstrated to alleviate. Patients are still left dealing with the behavioural difficulties of the condition. This treatment aims to ease psychological distress through a more personal and interactive process, rather than the use of medication. The following include methods in helping to treat these behavioural issues [5]: Individual/Group Psychotherapy consists of repeated scheduled talks between the patient(s) and a psychiatrist. Giving him/her the opportunity to discuss the difficulties that leave them feeling distressed in an intimate and safe environment. In turn the weight off having to deal with the problem alone can be removed, the psychiatrist can then provide an explanation for the suffering that is progressive that is, the patient understands something can be done to mend the situation. This leads them to conducting themselves in a healthier and active manner, whether it is thinking more positively or they learn how to maintain better relationships. This seems to be effective because the patient is given the self-belief that any improvements are down to their own merit. Family Education This involves teaching several coping techniques to families for the purpose of dealing more effectively with their ill relative. Relatives can be crucial tools when dealing with schizophrenics, with their support and guidance patients can find some form of normality and alleviate the effects of solitude, just one of the many symptoms of the condition. In general with the combination of medicinal and psychosocial treatment, patients quality of life of can be drastically improved. However dont be deceived, the treatment process for some individuals can be difficult to follow, in reference to drug side effects treatment may be discontinued. This is where relatives can be vital in assisting that patients do not relapse. C:UsersRahmanDocumentsSchizopherniapsychiatry-couch2.jpg Figure 4 this picture illustrates a comfortable environment, typically in a psychiatrics place of practice where the patient can discuss his feelings on topics that cause concern and thereby hopefully reduce his psychological suffering. This should improve his quality of life. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ECT is scarcely implemented in the treatment of schizophrenia (e.g. exceptions may include when there is a high risk of suicide). The following describes how the treatment would typically be conducted [32]; The patient will have a pulse oximeter connected to them, in order to monitor blood oxygen levels. Electrodes will then be placed onto the recipients chest so that the electrical activity across the patients heart can be observed using an electrocardiogram (ECG) In addition an  electroencephalogram (EEG)  will too be simultaneously utilized to monitor brain activity The monitoring of blood pressure is imperative, so that any faults during the treatment can be identified immediately; hence a blood pressure cuff is positioned onto the recipients arm. Using a sharp hollow needle connected to a transparent tube, access to the blood vessel is obtained for the administration of drugs A sedated state is induced using the appropriate drugs to prevent erratic movement and a constant supply of oxygen is provided throughout the procedure. Next a bite block is placed in the patients mouth because the jaw tightens during the treatment and weakened teeth could break. Additional electrodes are placed onto the head; the electrical current is then applied through the scalp of the brain causing a seizure to occur. What the seizures are thought to do vary, suggestions include causing alterations in brain chemistry, especially in the balance of neurotransmitters, and hence the brain can function normally because nerve impulses are neither slowed down or too fast. An alternative theory suggests that ECT can stimulate the growth of new cells and nerve pathways in certain areas of the brain, as a resultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ which can quickly inverse the symptoms of such an illness, the specifics yet remain unknown (Wahlund B   Von Rosen D, 2003). Evidence from randomised control trials (RCTs) have shown restricted success, lasting short term (Cochrane Schizophrenia Group, 1999). The typical side effects that arise seem to include; muscle aches, headaches and memory loss instantly after the procedure. Disadvantages of Psychosocial Treatments With any form of treatment, certain limitations will always follow; this includes that psychotherapy will naturally take a significantly longer span of time, in order for noticeable improvements to be seen in patients in comparison to drug therapy [24]. This is because psychotherapy very much depends on the use of the patients own mental experiences to bring about the desired changes, whereas drugs will have the desired effect regardless. Moreover in regards to the financial aspect of the treatment, it can too place a severe burden on health services to facilitate either group or individual therapy sessions at the tax payers expense, it has been estimated to cost society  £2 Billion in direct cost of treatment in 2004/05 (Mangalore R, Knapp M, 2007). In addition psychotherapy alone is not completely successful and effective in people with  a severe psychological state, so drugs can sometimes be the only form of treatment. Research into Stem Cell Treatment for Schizophrenia (Potential Treatment in the Future) Stem cells are unspecialized cells that hold the potential to differentiate into any type of cell found within the human body [19]. The National Institutes of Health states that stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. [15] Stem cells hold the potential of great breakthroughs in the science community, in this case the possibility of an effective cure being manufactured in the future. However since our current limitations with the research, for example, problems with deliberate cell differentiation and the undetermined cause for schizophrenia such research has been delayed not till another 50-100 years so our understanding of stem cells is at an adequate level. However there are ethical issues that would arise in treating schizophrenia with stem cell therapy once scientifically possible. For the predominant reason that the pluripotent stem cells needed for research are solely present in embryos and the extraction of these would result in its death. For those people who believe that life begins at conception, this may be perceived as murder, seeing as though a viable life had been forcefully refused and to destroy it is immoral [15]. Furthermore like any other new technology, because we have not had a vast amount of time to study it to gather sufficient information on its broad impact; it is completely unknown what the long-term effects of such an intrusion with nature could mean to society. Such as will patients grow an extra arm in 10 years from the point of its use? Lastly stem cells derived from embryos that are not a patients own may be identified as a foreign body, so may be rejected. Therefore stem cell therapy may not always be appro priate. Although in order to balance the argument, stem cell therapy could be substantially beneficial to our society, it could potentially mean a cure, where patients would no longer suffer from the condition after treatment, resulting in a better quality of life. It could therefore replace conventional types of treatment e.g. medicine that are prescribed on a regular/life time basis. Thereby removing the pain inflicted on peoples lives caused by side effects and limits they can place such as, not being able to work from being too tired but more importantly reducing the burden placed on society by schizophrenia, for example, the financial expense of producing drugs. Furthermore if the development of new drugs in this area are no longer as important, a by-product could mean fewer pressures to experiment on animals, which is a constituent of the drug development cycle. Hence animals would be subject to less brutality such experiments hold. With anything, the pros and cons must be weighted out , so that a decision suiting the majority is made. C:UsersRahmanDocumentsSchizopherniaStem cells.jpg Figure 5 This illustration depicts pluripotent stem cells ability to differentiate into a range of cells found in our bodies, for example, neurons. Modelling schizophrenia using human induced pluripotent stem cells Research carried out by Professor Fred Gage, an expert in genetics has successfully been able to induce pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) created from schizophrenic patients. Sages study published in the journal Nature (April 13, 2011) suggests both that neurons formed from such individuals made fewer links with each other in comparison to neurons found in non-sufferers of the condition. Such research will have a variety of beneficial impacts, including as stated by Gage [20][21]: With further research there is potential of possibly replacing such abnormal neurons related to the condition with healthy ones.This model not only affords us the opportunity to look at live neurons from schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals to understand more about the disease mechanism, but also to screen for drugs that may be effective in reversing it. C:UsersRahmanDocumentsSchizopherniastem cells from schizophrenics.jpg Figure 6 This picture illustrates the healthy neural pathway in the brain generated from schizophrenia patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. The Cost of Schizophrenia to Society: Economical Implication Also, for the government, especially in the UK where health care is provided free of charge, people with schizophrenia can be a severe financial constraint. Because such patients suffer from numerous debilitating  symptoms, including depression and hallucinations. Doctors will prescribe medication in order to combat this, in this instance antidepressants (e.g. prozac) or antipsychotics of which both need to be paid for. This cost is financed by the tax payers, the problem doesnt stop there. With any drug, side effects are present as a result of its usage; doctors too prescribe further medicine to treat these symptoms. The domino effect of over scribing medicine leaves the country with an overwhelming financial cost. In regards to Mangalore and Knapps study in 2007 indirect societal costs for schizophrenia were estimated to once have had an expenditure of  £4.7 billion in the UK in 2004/05 [25]. According to Marwaha Johnsons journal published in 2004, it showed that amongst those with long-term mental health problems in particular schizophrenia, only 24% were employed [18]. As a result, in order for such people to maintain a standard of living, such as being able to purchase food and pay rent on their homes, they will usually claim an incapacity benefit entitling them to some money per week. This cost will be supplemented by the government once again, adding to the total financial burden left by mental disorder patients. Social Implication The improper treatment and dismissal of the symptoms of schizophrenia can be overwhelming for the patient and those surrounding him/her.  Examples of the possible effects of schizophrenia include the following: Suffering from schizophrenia can make being employed and retaining relationships immensely challenging, because such patients frequently suffer from relapses, typically involving hallucinations; whereby the patient claims to see things that arent really there. This can cause them to develop trust issues and communication problems, sometimes feeling that they are being persecuted by the individuals themselves. As a result, the patients keep themselves isolated, disregarding their support or even presence. This may ultimately lead to the loss of relationships, which can have a psychological toll on the family members too who care for the person, knowing that they may never truly embrace the same person again. In addition schizophrenics ar

The Voice of Victorian “Longing like Despair” Essay -- Literary Analy

Matthew Arnold’s Poetry: The Voice of Victorian â€Å"Longing like Despair† John Stuart Mill defined the Victorian Era as â€Å"an age of transition†, where â€Å"Mankind will not be led by their old maxims, nor by their old guides.† Other contemporary minds saw in this transition the main source of profound intellectual and moral confusion, â€Å"that may validly be described as a crisis of personal identity.† (R. A. Forsyth) The poet and Victorian literary and social critic Matthew Arnold distinctly expresses his age’s deepest anxieties, rising from a world being utterly redefined by industrialisation. Much of his poetry is infused with intense personal and emotional discussions of love and loneliness, which spring the rising feeling of isolation and alienation. His writings respond to the disintegration of the traditional Christian social order and to the Victorian human condition. Arnold’s voice is one of despair, although it is also one of longing; one that seeks comfort in intimate companionship. â€Å"To Marguerit e: Continued† (1852) and â€Å"Isolation: To Marguerite† (1857) are primarily love poems where Arnold expresses his struggle with personal isolation and his hope in the potential remedying power of love. â€Å"The Buried Life† (1852) is a reflection on the Victorian human condition, notably man’s identity crisis founded on social and self-alienation. Finally, â€Å"Dover Beach†, often characterised as a historical poem, mourns the disintegration of the traditional Christian order, as the Church was a pillar of England’s society for all of modern history. Despite these distinctions, Arnold’s verse responds to the Victorian human condition, as he weaves together his despair of the present industrialised world with a longing to overcome its darkness a... ...ety. Ed. J. B. Schneewind. London, 1965, pp. 30-31. Print. "Matthew Arnold : Dover Beach." Representative Poetry Online. Ed. Ian Lancashire. University of Toronto Librairies, 2009. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. . "Matthew Arnold : Isolation: To Marguerite." Representative Poetry Online. Ed. Ian Lancashire. University of Toronto Librairies, 2009. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. . "Matthew Arnold: The Buried Life." Representative Poetry On-line: Version 3.0. Ed. Ian Lancashire. University of Toronto Librairies, 2009. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. . "Matthew Arnold : To Marguerite: Continued." Representative Poetry On-line: Version 3.0. Ed. Ian Lancashire. University of Toronto Librairies, 2009. Web. 26 Jan. 2012. .

“Chicano” Mexican-American Movement Essay

Chicano – a political term made popular in the sixties with the Chicano Civil Rights Movement which followed the example of the Black Civil Rights Movement. The people of the Movement adopted the word Chicano for themselves just as the African Americans had adopted Black. The Chicano Movement fought for all people of the Southwest of Mexican descendancy. These people included those whose ancestors had been citizens in the southwest when it was Mexico before the United States occupied it in 1848. These people became citizens by default with all rights guaranteed to them under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Chicano Movement also included three waves of immigrants from Mexico: those who migrated because they were escaping the Mexican Revolution between 1900 and 1914; those who came between World War I and 1930, mainly for economic reasons; and those who came between World War II and the 1960’s. Several of those who came in the 1940’s came with organized labor programs such as the Bracero Program and decided to stay, even if undocumented. The Chicano Movement and the Treaty of Gudalupe Hidalgo – After the United States won the Mexican American War the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was executed on February 2, 1848. Under the treaty, Mexico ceded to the United States a large area including, California, Arizona, New Mexico, parts of what we know today as Colorado, Nevada, Wyoming and Utah. The annexation of Texas was also approved. All the citizens who had resided in what had been Mexico were given one year to make a choice to remain in what was now the U. S. or go to what was now Mexico. It is estimated that 75,000 Mexicans decided to stay and became citizens of the U. S. by default. The treaty provided specific guarantees for the property and political rights of the â€Å"native† population and they were given the right to retain their language, religion and culture. Almost immediately, the treaty was broken and these people were treated like foreigners in their own land. When they lost their land, they lost their economic base, thus had to turn to wage labor to survive. They were subjected to great discrimination practices, as were the three waves of immigrants who came later. By the time World War II ended Chicanos were an oppressed people; poor, uneducated, with no political clout; and menial jobs  with little hope for upward mobility. It was after the Zoot Suit Riots of 1943 and after soldiers came back from World War II that the foundation for the Chicano Movement was built. The veterans and other concerned Chicanos refused to be treated like second class citizens. The groundwork was laid for the battle of equality for Chicanos. When the 1960’s came about Chicanos recognized that like the Blacks, they, too, had a cause and initially emulated the Black Civil Rights Movement. Scholars consider the year 1943 as the beginning of an new period of Mexican American history and culture. When the so-called Zoot Suit Riots occurred in the Los Angeles area it marked a stage in the cultural development of the Mexican American in which there was a consciousness of not belonging to either Mexico or the United States and an effort to assert a separate independent identity. It introduced the Pachucos, young Mexican-American young men who were not accepted in their schools, nor at home. They sought their own identity. Also after World War II Mexican American veterans who had fought and died side by side with their other American counterparts now felt they had earned their rights and were ready to participate equitably. Thus the quest for identity in modern American society was initiated and by the 1960’s a younger generation made up of the children of the veterans took up the pursuit of democracy and equity in the Civil Rights Movement and explored the question of identity in all the arts. There had been very little Chicano Literature in the past so the 60s was considered a Chicano Renaissance. Hispanic – an umbrella term that reduces groups of people into the lowest common denominator of Spanish speaking peoples. This can be people who speak Spanish or whose ancestors spoke Spanish and includes, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Dominicans and other ethnic groups. It is a most unfair label because it denies the different histories, and dilutes the importance of each different culture by lumping them all under one umbrella. The term was given by the government during the Nixon administration. Mestizo – for the scope of this class half-Spanish, half-Indian. When the  conquistadores arrived in the Americas miscegenation took place between the Spaniards and the Indigenous women, thus produced a new race, the Mestizo, a mixture of Caucasian and Indian. Much of Chicano Literature is based on Indian folklore. The Mestizo is an element in Mexican American Studies — meaning both the Indian and Spanish side of the Chicano. Therefore we will be studying literature that takes us back to ancient Mexico and Spain and brings elements of both cultures to produce Chicano literature. I am Joaquin, written by Rodolfo â€Å"Corky† Gonzales in the 1960’s elaborated a version of cultural nationalism that would typify what is called Movement Poetry. It was Mexican American history all wrapped up into one poem. It was monumental because up until then there had been very little written about the Chicano. When something was written, it was usually derogatory or stereotypical. It stands alone as an epic poem of the Chicano Movement. A new breed of writers were born because of the Chicano Movement. Their writings were related to a political and social movement. They wrote about cultural identification with the Mexican American heritage within the general framework of American society. It became the most intense expression of the creative spirit of the movement. It first saw the light in print in angry journals or newspapers such as El Grito Magazine or El Gallo Newspaper. There were many. The writing was cause writing, not just literary. It was also inspirational. The first Chicano writers of Chicano Literature in the 60’s committed their literary vices to the political economic and educational struggles. Their works were often inspirational and read at organizational meetings, boycotts and before protest marches. The first Chicano poets included: Abelardo â€Å"Lalo† Delgado; Ricardo Sanchez and Alurista (Alberto Urista). Alurista coined the term Aztlan as the Chicano homeland. It gave Chicanos a sense of place. Aztlan had been the mythical homeland of the Aztecs which was north from Mexico, probably somewhere in the southwest United States. In 1967 appeared the most influential Chicano Literary Magazine, El Gallo, initiating the publishing house El Quinto Sol (The Fifth Sun). El Quinto Sol emphasized the Chicano culture, language, themes and styles and a Mexica/Aztec identity and promoted the Spanish Language. The fifth sun referred to the Aztec belief in a period of cultural flowering that would take place some time in the future, in a fifth age that coincided with the rise of the Chicano movement. One of the first books published by Quinto Sol was an anthology in 1986, El Espejo/The Mirror, edited by Dr. Octavio Romano Paz and Herminio Rios. In 1970 El Quinto Sol instituted a national award for Chicano Literature, Premio Quinto Sol (Fifth Sun Award) which gave the winner $1000 and published their winning manuscript.

Development of the Bill of Rights

When the American colonies rebelled against Great Britain, the rebels gave their reasons in the Declaration of Independence. According to the Declaration, people have unalienable rights to liberty. â€Å"The ideology of the revolutionary generation shaped the later American Bill of Rights. This revolutionary ideology combined and wove together both the natural rights of man and the historic rights of Englishmen†. The colonists emphasized natural rights and historic liberties as a result of their view of government.Government was potentially hostile to human liberty and happiness. Power was essentially aggressive. The rebellious colonists dealt with the problem of aggressive political power by several devices: separation of powers, an independent judiciary, the right of people to have a share in their own government by representatives chosen by themselves, and an insistence on the natural and historical rights and liberties of citizens reflected in revolutionary bills of rights of the several states. These concessions to slavery produced some protests.George Mason, delegate from Virginia and a leading advocate of a federal bill of rights, complained that delegates from South Carolina and Georgia were more interested in protecting the right to import slaves than in promoting â€Å"the Liberty and Happiness of the people. † Some framers rationalized the compromise with slavery on the assumption that the institution would soon die out. In truth, however, a compromise was made in the interest of the Union. While the framers compromised with slavery, they took steps to prevent its spread to new states.Particularly after the adoption of the Bill of Rights the Constitution reflected the Jekyll-and-Hyde character of the nation. The nation sought simultaneously to protect liberty and slavery. All in all, the Bill of Rights was adopted because of the fear of abuses of power by the federal government. It simply had no application to the states. The idea that the federal Bill of Rights protects liberty of speech and press, freedom of religion, and other basic rights from violations by the states has become commonplace, even for lawyers. Indeed, many Americans probably accepted this commonplace when careful lawyers knew it was not so.From 1833 to 1868 the Supreme Court held that none of the rights in the Bill of Rights limited the states. From 1868 to 1925 it found very few of these liberties protected from state action. Those the states were free to flout (so far as federal limitations were concerned) seemed to include free speech, press, religion, the right to jury trial, freedom from self-incrimination, from infliction of cruel and unusual punishments, and more. State constitutions, with their own bills of rights, were available to protect the individual, but too often they proved to be paper barriers.Most, but not all, scholars believe that the Supreme Court was right, at least as a matter of history, up to 1868. They believe, that is , that the founding fathers did not intend for the Bill of Rights to limit the states. In contrast to the English Bill of Rights of 1689, in which the powers of Parliament are protected against the encroachments of the monarch, the American Bill of Rights was created to protect the individual against the intrusions of the legislative and executive branches of the government.As James Madison expressed it, â€Å"If we advert to the nature of Republican Government we shall find that censorial power is in the people over the Government, and not in the Government over the people. † Nowhere in the Bill of Rights is this more sharply affirmed than in the words of the First Amendment: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. â€Å"Although nine of th e thirteen colonies had established churches, four did not (Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware). By the time the First Amendment was adopted, however, only three states had an established church -Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. Of even greater significance is that no two states shared the same religious configuration with respect to its population. Not to be overlooked is that in the decade between the Declaration of Independence and the Constitutional Convention, numerous states had made declarations in support of religious freedom prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights.In 1868 the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified. Beginning in the 1920s, the U. S. Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to states through a process now called the incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment. As originally passed, the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government and not to state governments. The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses clearly applied to the states. Through a series of lengthy cases, the Court engaged in a piecemeal process of interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment clauses to include the various freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights.In Near v. Minnesota (1931) the Supreme Court applied freedom of the press to the states. In this case, the city of Minneapolis tried to suppress the publication of scandalous, malicious and defamatory material in newspapers. A newspaper publishers association, fearing censorship, challenged the Minnesota law on the grounds of violation of freedom of press. The Supreme Court struck down the law by contending that it represented prior restraint of future issues. The most important freedom given to the press is freedom from prior restraint, the freedom not to be censored.The process of nationalizing the Bill of Rights through the Fourteenth Amendment continued in the area of free exercise of religion. In Hamilton v. Board of Regents (1934), the Court held that freedom of religion was protected by the First Amendment against invasion by the national government and by the states. This decision was confirmed in Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940). This case questioned the constitutionality of a Connecticut law which banned solicitation of money for religious or charitable reasons unless approved by the secretary of the public welfare council.This particular official had the authority to decide whether a fund-raising cause was truly a religious one. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the statute violated religious freedom and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. From the critical standpoint, the Bill of Rights not only constitutionally protects individual rights of citizens, such as freedom of religion, peaceable assembly, right to keep and bear arms, trial by jury, but it also secures the entire system of American democratic values and implementation of democracy in reality.For instanc e, freedom of press, declared of in the First Amendment, does not mean only that â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦ abridging the freedom of†¦press. † Considering the fact independent media is one of the pillars of modern democracy, this constitutional guarantee aims to secure democratic principles of the country. Moreover, the freedom of press implies automatically the absence of any censorship limiting the execution of freedom of speech, which is too declared in the First Amendment and similarly is to protect democratic principles.The Bill of Rights has been created not only to protect freedoms and liberties of American citizens on individual levels, but also to secure the position of a person before the government. For example, the Fifth Amendment provides that no person shall be forced in any criminal case to be a witness against oneself. At the same time, from my personal viewpoint, the fundamental importance of the Bill of Rights is its long lasting effect and its tremendous influence on American legislative and judicial system.Firstly, the Bill triggered the adoption by the Congress of several important acts protecting civil liberties like Civil Rights Act. Secondly, because the Bill is an integral and vital part of US Constitution, and thus the ultimate legal power, legislative and judicial system have been continuously improving constitutional doctrine on individual rights. For example, one can notice during 1960-70s the constitutional rights of public employees to freedom of speech and association, procedural due process, and equal protection have also been vastly expanded.Historically the Constitution has retained its flexibility because interpretations of its meaning have changed. Choosing between two or more sets of competing values, the Supreme Court has played a major role in maintaining this flexibility. A significant trend has been the extension of civil rights to the previously powerless. For instance, the involvement of the U. S. Supreme Court in civil rights for blacks is long-standing, dating back to issues from the days of slavery.In the Dred Scott case (1857), Chief Justice Taney ruled that no blacks, slave or free, were citizens, and that blacks had no citizenship rights (Hall, 38). In 1883, two decades after the Civil War and the official end of slavery, the Court ruled on five separate suits affecting the rights of blacks, and collectively called the Civil Rights Cases (1883). These cases arose in response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875 which prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection and public accommodations. In these cases, the public accommodations portions of the 1875 act were challenged.The Court recognized that the Fourteenth Amendment forbade discrimination by states but it made no mention of discriminatory acts committed by individuals. Since the Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination by individuals and private businesses, the Court ruled that the act had overstepped congre ssional authority and was therefore unconstitutional. By the end of World War II, the Supreme Court had become more supportive of civil rights for blacks. It struck down the all-white primary in Smith v.Allright (1944), arguing that the Democratic party was in essence an agent of the state and was therefore subject to the Fifteenth Amendment. During the late 1940s and the 1950s, the Court followed the trends begun earlier of moving away from the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal† (Hall, 51). This may be seen in the cases of Sipuel v. Oklahoma (1948), Sweatt v. Painter (1950) and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950). In the Sipuel case, which was similar to the Gaines case, the Court ordered Oklahoma to provide a separate but equal law school for a black woman and stressed the need for equality in facilities.In Sweatt v. Painter, the state of Texas had established a separate black law school but it was inferior to the white law school at the University of Texas in the size of its faculty and the quality of its library and student body. The court ruled that the black law school had to be improved. The Court nearly overturned the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine in the McLaurin case in which Oklahoma had allowed a black student to attend a white graduate school but had segregated him from the rest of the students by designating separate sections of the library, cafeteria and classrooms for him.The Court struck down these segregation provisions, claiming that they interfered with the ability of the black student to exchange ideas with other students, a requisite for a good education. Although these cases fell short of invalidating the â€Å"separate but equal† principle, they made segregation at the graduate school level more difficult to implement. Perhaps the most significant civil rights cases to aid blacks in the fight for equality were the two Brown cases in the 1950s.Brown v. Board of Education I (1954) arose as the result of a suit against Topeka, Kansas where Linda Brown, a black child, was not permitted to attend a segregated white school four blocks from her home. In Brown I, under the leadership of Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court overturned the Plessy decision of â€Å"separate but equal† in the public schools by declaring that the separate but equal doctrine made black children feel inferior. In Brown v.Board of Education II (1955), the Court ruled on how to accomplish desegregation, concluding that local school boards should establish plans for desegregation under the supervision of federal district judges and â€Å"with all deliberate speed†. Despite these court rulings, southern school boards were slow to respond and avoided court orders by closing public schools and placing white children in private schools. Consequently, desegregation was only implemented very slowly.Women are not a minority but they have historically experienced legal discrimination based on th eir gender. The Supreme Court has played an important role in the expansion of rights for women. Overall the Court has been less important in the expansion of women's rights than it has been in the extension of rights to blacks and other racial minorities. A major reason for the less important role of the Court is that women's rights have mostly been broadened through legislation. Many women's rights cases addressed by the Supreme Court have been concerned with employment.Early court decisions followed a trend of protectionism and upheld restrictions on the nature and conditions of employment for women. In Bradwell v. Illinois (1873), the Supreme Court upheld a state law preventing women from practicing law. Not until the 1970s did U. S. Supreme Court rulings begin to move away from the restrictive, protectionist trend of the past. Reed v. Reed (1971) was the first instance of the Court striking down a state law which discriminated against women. Taylor v. Louisiana (1975) overturne d the precedent set in Hoyt v. Florida. Phillips v.Martin-Marietta (1971) ruled that employers could not discriminate against mothers of preschool children, despite fears that they might often miss work to care for their children. In Stanton v. Stanton (1975) the Court struck down a Utah law which required divorced fathers to support sons until they were twenty-one under the assumption that they would need support while being educated, while daughters had to be supported only until they were eighteen under the assumption that they would get married and be supported by their husbands. Beginning in the 1920s, the U.S. Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to states through a process now called the incorporation of the Bill of Rights into the Fourteenth Amendment. As originally passed, the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government and not to state governments. The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses clearly applied to the states. Throug h a series of lengthy cases, the Court engaged in a piecemeal process of interpreting the Fourteenth Amendment clauses to include the various freedoms protected in the Bill of Rights. In Near v.Minnesota (1931) the Supreme Court applied freedom of the press to the states. In this case, the city of Minneapolis tried to suppress the publication of scandalous, malicious and defamatory material in newspapers. A newspaper publishers association, fearing censorship, challenged the Minnesota law on the grounds of violation of freedom of press. The Supreme Court struck down the law by contending that it represented prior restraint of future issues. The most important freedom given to the press is freedom from prior restraint, the freedom not to be censored.In many cases the statements embedded in the Bill of Rights are impacted directly or indirectly through the process of governance in the United States. One of the most peculiar examples of this impact is adoption of the Uniting and Streng thening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, commonly known as the Patriot Act. This act significantly expands the power of the federal government to investigate, detain, and deport those people who the government suspects are linked to terrorist activity and other crimes.The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution requires the government to prove to a judicial officer that it has probable cause of a crime before it conducts an invasive search to find evidence of that crime or in exact words, this Amendment declares that â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Before the enactment of the Patriot Act, if the primary purpose was a criminal investigation, the law enforcement officials had to first prove the higher standard of probable cause. Investigating criminal activity cannot be the primary purpose of surveillance. Now American society witnesses how one of the most fundamental statements of the Bill of Rights, particularly that one protecting individual freedoms from the state, is challenged.The change made by Section 218 of the Patriot Act authorizes unconstitutional activity by impinging on the Fourth Amendment protection that requires probable cause. Section 218 now provides law enforcement officials with a tool to avoid probable cause when conducting criminal investigation surveillance. The adoption of the Patriot Act has been triggered with the war the United States declared against terrorism. Interestingly, the same event, the war on terrorism, challenged another important element of the Bill of Rights, namely the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, which states that â€Å"no person shall †¦ be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law†¦.†Practically, th is statement aims to secure individuals from unconstitutional exercise on the behalf of the government. Importantly, this article provides Americans with the right to be tried by unprejudiced courts with application of lawful procedures and laws. However, during the war in Afghanistan and Iraq, the US government intentionally deterred in prisons many prisoners of war (identifying them as terrorists) without court orders, indictments and further court hearings. Here one can notice the constitutional collision, in which the rights of the US government during wartime (including deterring of individuals without due process clause) challenges the statements embedded in the Bill of Rights. Works Cited Barnett, Randy E. ed., 1989. Ninth Amendment. supra note 29, at 18 Bailyn, Bernard. 1967. Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Ely, J. 1980. Democracy and Distrust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hall, Kermit L. 1989. The Magic Mirror. Law in American History, New York: Oxford University Press. Levine, James P. 1992. Juries and Politics, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Madison, James. November 27, 1794. Republicanism. Speech in Congress. Annals of Congress 934. Nelson, William E. 1988. The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Schwartz, B. 1971. The Bill of Rights. A Documentary History. pp. 222-226. Wiecek, W.   1976. The Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, 1760-1848. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. P. 74

Character study of Willy Loman Essays

Character study of Willy Loman Essays Character study of Willy Loman Paper Character study of Willy Loman Paper Willy Loman is a very unique character, he is pathetic and a modern tragic hero. I think the problem comes mainly from his excessive daydreaming, and his view of the American Dream, which is to succeed in life by being attractive and well liked by society. He spent most of his life pursing a dream but failed. His determination and dedication in pursing something that failed greatly affected his family members. Through Willys actions, he affected the future of Biff and Happy by straying them in the wrong directions. Willy and Biff always fight and argue due to Biff not living up to Willys expectations and also having yet to make anything out of himself. Happy and Biff try to help Willy, but every attempt always results in an argument. He believes he is well liked and popular but in reality nobody likes him and for that he is a small man. The interactions between Willy, Linda, Biff and Happy are usually never happy or normal. They always fight and argue with each other. Biff and Willy always have conflicts about getting a life and making money. Willy complains that Biff is nobody and as a result he doesnt listen to Biffs point of view. Instead, he makes fast and irrational conclusions such as not letting Biff talk about his visit to Oliver Biff: His answer was- Dad, youre not letting me tell you what I want to tell you! Willy: You didnt see him, did you? Biff: I did see him! Willy: Whatd you insult him or something? You insulted him, didnt you? Biff: Listen, will you let me out of it, will you just let me out of it! (Page 108-109) In turn, Biff gets angry that Willy doesnt listen and never gives him a chance to say anything, and a conflict occurs. Willy doesnt even let Linda comment on anything, instead he yells at her. Linda: Oliver always though the highest of him- Willy: Will you let me talk? Biff: Dont yell are her, Pop, will ya? (Page 65) Linda was trying to support Biff about going to Oliver for a job only to show Willy that Biff is actually trying to do something with his life. I believe that in Willys mind, he thought that Biff and Happy are great kids and going to be very successful, but in reality his sons were the opposite. He would never listen because it was hard for him to see a smart person like Bernard doing better than Biff and Happy. He would only try to think differently to convince himself that his sons were the best and going to live better than Bernard. If Willy took the time to listen to his family and friends, and be open to everyones advice and opinions, he might have not committed suicide. He is a very selfish person and ignored reality. He tried to make things better than they were which the opinions he choose which led to his destruction. Willy talks to himself a lot throughout the play; he daydreams about being successful and well liked at the end by creating a false image. In reality, he is unsuccessful and nobody likes him. Linda: Why didnt anybody come? Charley: It was a very nice funeral Linda: But where are all the people he knew? Maybe they blame him (Requiem) Nobody even went to his funeral because they dont know Willy anymore despite working for the Wagner firm for 34 years. Willy is jealous of Charlies success, every week he would find himself asking Charley for money. Willy thinks he is a much better man than Charley, but in fact he is just jealous that he is living a better life than he is. Even when Charley is nice enough to lend Willy money, he still gets mad at the smallest comments that Charley makes, like offering him a job. Charley: Why dont you want to work for me? Willy: Whats the matter with you? Ive got a job. Charley: Then whatre you walkin in here every week for? Willy: Well, if you dont want me to walk in here- Charley: I am offering you a job Willy: I dont want your goddam job! Charley: When the hell are you going to grow up? (Page 96-97) Willy is a closed minded, and a self centred person, he doesnt want to accept the fact that Charlies life is much better than his. I believe that Willy makes many sacrifices; one main one would be a good future. He aimed way to high and failed miserably. Linda knew what Willys situation is and is very supportive. Willy: Youre my foundation and my support, Linda. Linda: Just try to relax, dear. You make mountains out of molehills. (Page 18) The American Dream has deceived him, now he works on commission and eventually fired by Howard, Biff is a failure in his eyes and Charley is a successful man. He failed to raise his sons accordingly and his strong beliefs were just delusions. Is Willy a small man? I truly believe that he is, his aims in life have been useless and hasnt achieved anything. He is even abandoned by his two only sons at the restaurant. Happy even told the two girls that he picked up wasnt even his father. Letta: Dont you want to tell your father- Happy: No, thats not my father. Hes just a guy. Come on, (Page 115) Biff no long respects Willy after his affair, Willy Loman finds himself less capable in every aspect, financially and mentally. He wants his sons to be successful and better of than he is, but he corrupted them. Although they will never be successful, I truly think that Willy did the best he could, although he delayed their future by giving them a false image. Willy Loman is truly a low man, he has a very low self-esteem, in my opinion his goals are great only if he becomes a reality but what he doesnt realize, is that there would be devastation if he doesnt succeed. He was the main motivator of the family being dysfunctional. Linda is angry that Happy and Biff doesnt respect Willy and shows no worries for his actions and behaviour. Biff doesnt respect Willy anymore because of the constant pressure he puts on him, and also because of an affair he has with another women. I personally dont think that Willy is a crazy and inane man, but I certainly dont think that he is normal either. Willy Loman is just a confused man that took his goals one step to far, and by the time he realized it, it was too late. He believed that life is worth nothing anymore. I believed that he tried to make his goals worth something instead of nothing by killing himself, so that the insurance money would go to his family and some how help them. Therefore Willy Loman goals and dreams ultimately led to his destruction.

Free Essays on How Napoleon Revolutionized The French Education System

The educational system of the Revolutionary period needed reform. Clergy and nobility called for improvements in the educational system to be made. When thinking of the problems of the 1789 educational system, being considered were â€Å"the duties and prerogatives of the state, the rights of parents, the potential benefits of higher education, the economic needs of the nation, the necessity for training teachers, and the suitable status of the teaching profession in a republic.† (Vignery 21) A decree was passed in 1794 that named training teachers the top educational priority. With an emphasis now being placed on schooling, curriculums were changed. The Paris Normal school plan of study included â€Å"republican morality and public and private virtues, as well as the techniques of teaching reading, writing, arithmetic, practical geometry, French history and grammar.† (Bernard 154) Public secondary schools were established for every 300,000 people. These were the ecole centrals, or central schools. The secondary school curriculum included literature, language, science, and arts. A decree had been established that: †¦the age-range of the pupils will be from eleven or twelve to seventeen or eighteen†¦every school is to have one professor of each of the following subjects: mathematics; experimental physics and chemistry; natural history; scientific methods and psychology; political economy and legislation; the philosophic history of peoples; hygiene; arts and crafts; general grammar; belles letters; ancient languages; the modern languages most appropriate to the locality of the school; painting and drawing. The teaching throughout will be in French. Every month there is to be a public lecture dealing with the latest advances in science and the useful arts. Every central school is to have attached to it a public library, a garden and a natural history collection, as well as a collection of scientific apparatus and of machines... Free Essays on How Napoleon Revolutionized The French Education System Free Essays on How Napoleon Revolutionized The French Education System The educational system of the Revolutionary period needed reform. Clergy and nobility called for improvements in the educational system to be made. When thinking of the problems of the 1789 educational system, being considered were â€Å"the duties and prerogatives of the state, the rights of parents, the potential benefits of higher education, the economic needs of the nation, the necessity for training teachers, and the suitable status of the teaching profession in a republic.† (Vignery 21) A decree was passed in 1794 that named training teachers the top educational priority. With an emphasis now being placed on schooling, curriculums were changed. The Paris Normal school plan of study included â€Å"republican morality and public and private virtues, as well as the techniques of teaching reading, writing, arithmetic, practical geometry, French history and grammar.† (Bernard 154) Public secondary schools were established for every 300,000 people. These were the ecole centrals, or central schools. The secondary school curriculum included literature, language, science, and arts. A decree had been established that: †¦the age-range of the pupils will be from eleven or twelve to seventeen or eighteen†¦every school is to have one professor of each of the following subjects: mathematics; experimental physics and chemistry; natural history; scientific methods and psychology; political economy and legislation; the philosophic history of peoples; hygiene; arts and crafts; general grammar; belles letters; ancient languages; the modern languages most appropriate to the locality of the school; painting and drawing. The teaching throughout will be in French. Every month there is to be a public lecture dealing with the latest advances in science and the useful arts. Every central school is to have attached to it a public library, a garden and a natural history collection, as well as a collection of scientific apparatus and of machines...

Japanese Greetings and Parting Phrases

Japanese Greetings and Parting Phrases Learning greetings is a great way to start communicating with people in their language. Particularly in Japanese- a culture that prizes proper social etiquette- knowing how to use greetings and parting phrases correctly will open doors for you as you study the language. The greetings and parting words below include audio files that will allow you to listen to the phrases and learn how they are pronounced. Using Ha and Wa in Hiragana Before studying Japanese greetings, its important to learn how two important words are used in hiragana. Hiragana is a part of the Japanese writing system. It is a phonetic syllabary, which is a set of written characters that represent syllables. In most cases, each character corresponds to one syllable though there are few exceptions to this rule. Hiragana is used in many cases, such as writing articles or miscellaneous words that have no kanji form or an obscure kanji form In Japanese, there is a rule for writing the hiragana for waã‚ ) and ha㠁 ¯). When wa  is used as a  particle, it is written in hiragana as ha. (A particle,  joshi,  is a word that shows the relationship of a word, phrase, or clause to the rest of the sentence.) In current Japanese dialogue, Konnichiwa or Konbanwa are fixed greetings. However, historically, they were used in sentences such as  Konnichi  wa (Today is) or Konban  wa  (Tonight is), and wa  functioned as a particle. Thats why it is still written in hiragana as ha. Common Japanese Greetings  and  Parting Phrases Listen to the audio files carefully by clicking on the links, and mimic what you hear. Repeat this a few times until you are able to pronounce the greetings and parting phrases. Good MorningOhayou㠁Šã  ¯Ã£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£â‚¬â€š Good AfternoonKonnichiwa㠁“ん㠁 «Ã£  ¡Ã£  ¯Ã£â‚¬â€š Good eveningKonbanwa㠁“ん㠁 °Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã£â‚¬â€š Good nightOyasuminasai㠁Šã‚„㠁™ã  ¿Ã£  ªÃ£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š GoodbyeSayonara㠁•ã‚ˆã  ªÃ£â€šâ€°Ã£â‚¬â€š See you laterDewa mata㠁 §Ã£  ¯Ã£  ¾Ã£ Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€š See you tomorrow.Mata ashita㠁 ¾Ã£ Å¸Ã¦ËœÅ½Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£â‚¬â€š How are you?Genki desu kaå…Æ'æ °â€"㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š Tips on Greetings and Parting Phrases Enhance your knowledge of Japanese greetings and parting words by reviewing some basic tips about the various phrases. Ohayou Gozaimasu Good Morning:  If you are speaking to a friend or find yourself in a casual setting, you would use the word  ohayou  (㠁Šã  ¯Ã£â€šË†Ã£ â€ ) to say good morning. However, if you were on your way into the office and ran into your boss or another supervisor, you would want to use  ohayou  gozaimasu  (㠁Šã  ¯Ã£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€Ã£ â€"㠁„㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢), which is a more formal greeting. Konnichiwa Good Afternoon:  Although Westerners sometimes  think the word  konnichiwa  (㠁“ん㠁 °Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯) is a general greeting to be used at any time of day, it actually means good afternoon. Today, its a colloquial greeting used by anyone, but it can be part of the more formal greeting:  Konnichi  wa  gokiken  ikaga  desu ka?  (ä »Å Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€Ã¦ ©Å¸Ã¥ «Å'㠁„㠁‹ã Å'㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹?). This phrase loosely translates into English as â€Å"How are you feeling today?† Konbanwa Good Evening:  Just as you would use one phrase to greet someone during the afternoon, the Japanese language has a different word for wishing people a  good evening.  Konbanwa  (㠁“ん㠁 °Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯) is an informal word you can use to address anyone in a friendly manner, though it can also be  used as part of a larger and more formal greeting. Mastering these greetings and parting words is a great early step in learning Japanese. Knowing the correct way to greet others, and to say goodbye, in Japanese demonstrates respect and an interest in the language and culture.

Contract Law and Case Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contract Law and Case Law - Coursework Example As the report declares the doctrine of consideration is considered by most people in the legal profession to be the most problematic doctrine within common law . There has been some considerable debate for a number of years as to whether this doctrine should be removed based on the confusion that is noted as often arising often result from its application, however a concrete decision is yet to be made in this respect. This paper stresses that lawyers often pose the argument that all contracts must as a matter of necessity be supported by an agreed upon consideration. In line with this argument, if an individual happens to promise anther party that he will perform a given act without there being any promise made in return, such an agreement is technically unenforceable as there will be no consideration exchanged in the contract agreement. In such a situation, the promisor is considered to be losing something without any gain while the promise on the other hand is considered to have made a gain without incurring any loss. However, if a promise happens to be made and the promise actually offers a promise in return, such an agreement is considered as having consideration and the contract that is entered into is legally enforceable. The case of Williams V. Roffey Bros & Nicholls is considered to have change the traditional rules surrounding the doctrine of consideration as had been set out in the rulin g that was made in the case of Stilk v. Myrik.

Discuss the way in which organisational structures impacts on the flow Essay

Discuss the way in which organisational structures impacts on the flow of work and overall purposes of the service are achieved - Essay Example that an organization can either be formally aligned in its ways and means of doing things and different processes or the same might just be in a way informal in quite a few of its activities and tasks. The manner in which it runs across this paradigm is something that needs to be studied in depth before we reach further consensus on their purposes and the kind of achievements that they have had. As we talk about an organization, we see that within it the communication can flow in one of three ways or in all the three directions. This means that these three directions pave the way for the ease of communication and there are as such no barriers to arise from the whole equation. The first communication flow is from top to bottom, which means that the communication starts from the top management and goes down towards the middle and lower management. It ensures that the instructions are easily made comprehensible for all and sundry who are within the middle and lower cadres and there are as such no discrepancies arising from this form of communication flow. The second form could be the one that starts from the lower or middle management and goes up towards the top management. A common example of this kind of communication flow is in the type of protests and rallies that arise at the lower level and the lower management wants to make sure that their voice gets heard courtesy the top cadre of the organization. The third communication flow could be in the kind of peer to peer communication and interaction. This means that the employees and the workers at the same level communicate within their own capacities and as such there are no hindrances arising from the whole communication matrix. Apart from this, within an organization the communication also flows in a formal as well as an informal manner. Where the communication is more formal and sophisticated, the interaction is usually done through paper and written requests whereas the informal talk is also called

Investment Enhancement Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Investment Enhancement - Research Paper Example This type of investment strategy might be attractive for a senior citizen investor who is looking to minimize or eliminate investment risks since he will be retiring within a few years and needs to lock in his retirement’s benefits. For the typical investor there is variety of benefits to utilizing international investments to improve financial portfolio performance On the other hand most investors are looking to maximize their return on investment therefore are willing to accept an increased level of risk in order to benefit from the possibility of much higher returns. Although studies have shown that the benefits of direct international investments to achieve adequate international portfolio diversification are limited for U.S. investors partly due to the fact that U.S. investors can invest in domestic multinational corporations, country funds. Another reason is possibly because the U.S. both the economy and its stock market are much more developed and diversified than other countries. The benefits of international investments are more easily realized in underdeveloped countries than in developed countries. Investing internationally makes sense to a lot of potential investors since for example foreign investment mutual funds provide the opportunity for individual investors which typically lack the necessary financial resources to buy a large number of stocks on their own to benefit from the expertise of a professionally administered international investment mutual fund. Recently national economies have become more closely linked due to globalization, growing international trade, and investment capital flows. This might lead to realize that the benefits of international portfolio diversification might be overstated. Despite significant interdependencies between markets, there is still room for international diversification. A recent tendency has been for investors to look into emerging economies as good candidates for international diversification. Sinc e ongoing research suggests that since emerging economies are not closely correlated to industrialized there are still considerable opportunities to benefit from international diversification. There are various investment vehicles investors can use to build up a portfolio in the equity and money markets. The most popular form of investment is common stock. The price ticker investors’ track on Wall Street represents common stock investments. Common stocks are equity investment that represents a right of ownership. People that invest in common stock have voting rights over certain corporation decisions. There are different types of common stocks. Two types of common stocks are blue chip and penny stocks. Blue chip stocks are stocks that are issued by a well-known company with an established record of making money and paying dividends (Teweles & Bradley & Teweles, 1992). An example of a blue chip stock company is Microsoft Corporation. Within the category of common stock blue ch ips are considered the safest type of investment. On the other side of the spectrum are penny stocks. Penny stocks are can be defined as stocks that trade at a relative low price and market capitalization typically outside the major marketplaces (Investopedia, 2011). Penny stocks are very risky and on many occasion the stocks go into default as these penny stock companies run out of business. Another popular type of investment that is often

Autobiographical essay------Describe your past experiences and future Essay

Autobiographical ------Describe your past experiences and future plans, showing how the degree ( computer information syste - Essay Example I started as a database operator and gradually rose to be senior database administrator. I have worked for IBM, GM, Star Alliance (Sheraton Group). I also have the appropriate experience in sql server, Oracle, db2, sysbase, people’s soft and SAP. While pursing my bachelor’s degree, I gained expertise in almost all the important programming languages like C, C++, Java and Assembly Language. I possess over 9 years of Oracle Production DBA and MS SQL Server 2000, 2005 experience with Oracle 10g, 9i, 8i and UNIX/Red Hat Linux/Fedore/ Sun Solaris/AIX and Microsoft 2000 and 2003. I acquired over 2 years experience as an Oracle Application Server, Forms, Reports, and Data Warehouse. I hold an excellent DBA expertise with Production Database and Data Warehouse Administration. I am also proficient in Administration, Productivity and Modeling Tools. I am quite proficient at programming and Production Database Daily Administration. I do have the expertise in High Availability Tech nologies like Oracle 9i RAC, Oracle 10g RAC, Data Guard/Standby Database, Database Replication/Clone including the expertise in Database Health Maintenance. . Not to say, my panache for gaining technical proficiency was always equally matched by my drive to sharpen my soft skills.

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Research Paper Example Whatever a child learns in his/her tender age leaves an indelible expression on his mind for the entire life. Socializing agents thus play an important role in establishing one’s persona and making him/her a better citizen. Parents, Media, Peers and School are the major socializing agents. The mass media are impersonal communication aimed at a wider audience. Television, Radio, Internet, Cinemas are various examples of mass media. Mass media, in general influences every man of every age. It spreads information at wider scale therefore it strongly influences one’s opinions, views and thus changing and affecting our attitudes about many things. Television is a main source of entertainment and a major agent of socialization. Mass media influences our political views, views on women, people of color, our taste in popular culture, what to buy and various other beliefs and practices. Through the portrayal of imaginary characters in different programs and advertisements media helps in projecting gender, political, religious, perceptions. Some programs effect people’s orientation towards life and society as well. It also serves as a platform to present their ideas to the world when required. Writer 2 After his parents and caregivers, within the comforts of his home, a child gets the exposure to mass media in the form of radio, listening to the nursery rhymes and then watching them on television in the form of various adaptations and characters. Some studies indicate that the children learn to work together, do group activities, value each other’s presence by means of character description or story adaptations. Some programs for kids like Noggin promote healthy eating and exercise. Wiggles promote education on nutrition and activity. Sesame Street teaches healthy life style and new numbers and alphabets in a playful way. There are meaningful and informative programs for school going children and adults. Thus right programs serve as educating and learning tools. No doubt, Television and media in general serves as educational and informational tool but it has negative influences on children. Studies indicate it shortens attention span, distorts body image and in conjunction with other factors leads to obesity. â€Å".. the mass media socialize children, adolescents, and even adults; a key question is the extent to which media violence causes violence in our society† (Surette, 2011). Some programs showing excessive violence and anti social activities influence children behavior thus spreading violence in the society. Certain advertisements target kids and affect their thinking. Models, famous movie stars and popular sports man who are the role models are shown smoking which appears as an acceptable norm to the children. Another example is presentation of women image on television as sexual object or as a passive home maker leaves a negative impression on kids mind. Models and movie stars endorse beauty products and cosmetic uplift which encourages young girls to experiment with it. Anorexia, bulimia, depression and low self esteem are the outcome of these influences. Another controversy that surrounds mass media is the Writer 3 behavior troubles among youth. By the time the kids reach their adolescence, these influences become prominent on their thought processes. Drugs, violence, petty crimes to satisfy their urges and requirement as they have been watching on the television or in cinemas become acceptable norm for them. Some programs sho

The purpose that HR serves in the organization and to society also Research Paper

The purpose that HR serves in the organization and to society also encourage an understanding of one HR practice - Research Paper Example However, for a company to benefit and manage its resources accordingly there is a need to have human resources department to oversee the organizational management process and procedure (Bogardus 26). In an organization, there are three main organs, which must coordinate in order to achieve the organizational goals; the shareholders, management and employees. The shareholders are the top leadership who recruits the management to run the organizational programs on their behalf; the employees are the junior staff and sources of labor to handle the organizational operations as scheduled by the management (Gaspar 19). Through the human resources management department, employees are assigned duties that must be monitored to affirm that the employees are working in accordance with the terms and conditions that they accepted during the recruitment process (Kamoche 40). In order for a strategy to be implemented in an organization, the human resources management department must be involved being the management consultants employed by the executive leadership of the organization to hire, monitor employee performance and keep the best workforce and fire the unproductive workforce leaving the employees who would work towards the accomplishment of organizational objectives (Price 44). The mandate of the human resources management is to ensure that the organization is operational meaning that the set return goals and objectives are met with adequate investment returns (Armstrong 06). However, according to the requirements of an organization, the human resource management should be well vast with company laws and regulations in order to implement the same on the employees and reduce cases of unnecessary claims hence shaping the whole organization towards the management process (Price 85). Any organization does not only benefit the employees and workers; the community and society are also able to

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Research Paper Example Whatever a child learns in his/her tender age leaves an indelible expression on his mind for the entire life. Socializing agents thus play an important role in establishing one’s persona and making him/her a better citizen. Parents, Media, Peers and School are the major socializing agents. The mass media are impersonal communication aimed at a wider audience. Television, Radio, Internet, Cinemas are various examples of mass media. Mass media, in general influences every man of every age. It spreads information at wider scale therefore it strongly influences one’s opinions, views and thus changing and affecting our attitudes about many things. Television is a main source of entertainment and a major agent of socialization. Mass media influences our political views, views on women, people of color, our taste in popular culture, what to buy and various other beliefs and practices. Through the portrayal of imaginary characters in different programs and advertisements media helps in projecting gender, political, religious, perceptions. Some programs effect people’s orientation towards life and society as well. It also serves as a platform to present their ideas to the world when required. Writer 2 After his parents and caregivers, within the comforts of his home, a child gets the exposure to mass media in the form of radio, listening to the nursery rhymes and then watching them on television in the form of various adaptations and characters. Some studies indicate that the children learn to work together, do group activities, value each other’s presence by means of character description or story adaptations. Some programs for kids like Noggin promote healthy eating and exercise. Wiggles promote education on nutrition and activity. Sesame Street teaches healthy life style and new numbers and alphabets in a playful way. There are meaningful and informative programs for school going children and adults. Thus right programs serve as educating and learning tools. No doubt, Television and media in general serves as educational and informational tool but it has negative influences on children. Studies indicate it shortens attention span, distorts body image and in conjunction with other factors leads to obesity. â€Å".. the mass media socialize children, adolescents, and even adults; a key question is the extent to which media violence causes violence in our society† (Surette, 2011). Some programs showing excessive violence and anti social activities influence children behavior thus spreading violence in the society. Certain advertisements target kids and affect their thinking. Models, famous movie stars and popular sports man who are the role models are shown smoking which appears as an acceptable norm to the children. Another example is presentation of women image on television as sexual object or as a passive home maker leaves a negative impression on kids mind. Models and movie stars endorse beauty products and cosmetic uplift which encourages young girls to experiment with it. Anorexia, bulimia, depression and low self esteem are the outcome of these influences. Another controversy that surrounds mass media is the Writer 3 behavior troubles among youth. By the time the kids reach their adolescence, these influences become prominent on their thought processes. Drugs, violence, petty crimes to satisfy their urges and requirement as they have been watching on the television or in cinemas become acceptable norm for them. Some programs sho

Sherlock Holmes Essay Example for Free

Sherlock Holmes Essay Sherlock Holmes emerged in 1893 as a fictional amateur detective. He had solved many cases and was able to find the villain using scientific evidence. When Sherlock Holmes came out into the open, Britain was a corrupt place as the police force was useless and people used to kill and steal just for the sake of it. Jack the Ripper is the best known pseudonym to date from that period. He used to kill women prostitutes from the slums and cut out their throats. He then sent body parts of his victims to the police showing his superiority. People thought of Sherlock Holmes as a hero because they thought he could protect them from paedophiles and murderers even though he was a fictional character. The mastermind to Sherlock Holmes was Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. He based the super sleuth character on his fellow doctor, Dr Joseph Bell. He, like Holmes, was able to use the power of deduction to find out his patients occupation. Conan Doyle created this transcendent character because he was frustrated with other detective stories. Therefore he created a super human like detective who used scientific evidence to solve his cases unlike coincidence like the other detective stories. This made Sherlock Holmes a huge success story and when Doyle killed off the character, there was a public up roar and death threats were sent to his house. Because of this, Doyle brought back the character and his side kick Watson back from the shadows. Doyle managed to keep his audiences interested in Sherlock Holmes by cleverly making a flawless idea. This was to release different stories every month instead of keeping one story and carrying it one month after month. This was a clever and successful philosophy because Conan Doyle knew that if he stuck to one story then people would lose interest because people who missed an issue wouldnt buy the next one whereas if he made a new story every month then people would still buy the issue every month as they didnt miss anything. This is why it became known as Sherlock Holmes adventures. Sherlock Holmes adventures have a very unique structure. This is because it creates a story with in the story. It starts with the victim coming to Holmes about their problem(s). They then explain to him their problem(s). This is where Doyle creates a story within the story. Next, Holmes investigates and then sets out a plan. He eventually catches the villain. Parts of the structure can often vary. This is shown clearly in the story The man with the twisted lip. Instead of the victim coming to Holmes, they come to Dr Watson; Holmes right hand man. This shows us that Doyle is trying to vary his structure. Another thing is that the victims mostly always seem to be of high class. This is not present in the Red Headed League as Jabez Wilson (The victim) is of lower class. Although he is of lower class and his case is a bit dubious (this is because he suddenly stopped getting à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4 weekly from his secondary job as it just suddenly disappeared) Holmes was still determined to solve his case. This shows us that Holmes will take on any case no matter who his client is or how silly the problem was. A good quotation to support the matter is the strangest and the most unique things are very often connected not with the smaller crimes. The characters that the stories revolve around vary from story to story. There are only two characters that are present in all the 3 stories that I have read (The Speckled Band, The Red Headed League and The man with the twisted lip). These two characters are the sleuthhound Sherlock Holmes and the wannabe detective Dr Watson. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses characters as a good device by showing the reader and audience that he has used the six rules of a good detective story. * The crime must be significant * The detective must be memorable * The criminal must be a worthy opponent * The clues must be available to the audience * The suspect must appear early in the story * The solution must be reasonable and possible Because of these rules, Holmes appears to be supernatural to the naked eye but if looked at closer you would find that this mind-blowing character has an idiosyncrasy. This is because he smokes on a regular basis and takes drugs etc. The fact that he smokes is shown clearly in the quotation from the Red Headed League Watson, I beg of you leave me for 1 hour. I believe this is a 3 pipe problem This emphasises the amount that he smokes. 3 pipe problem means he will have to smoke three pipes before he will get the answer which implies that it is a very difficult issue. This is because a determined and intellectual person like him doesnt struggle with much. The quotation in the paragraph above also shows us the way Holmes treats Watson. Holmes treats him like a child who doesnt know much. Another quote to back up the matter is My dear doctor, this is a time for observation, not for talk. We are spies in an enemys country. This is when Holmes replies to Watsons question with an unclear answer. It shows us how disrespectful Holmes can be and that Holmes feels that Watson has a lot to learn. Watson plays the role of the narrator and hooks the reader. Another role of his is the foil. He makes Sherlock Holmes look better. You reason it out beautifully. I exclaimed in unfeigned admiration. It is so long a chain, and yet every link rings true. This extract quoted from Watson, admires Holmes professionalism. It also highlights his deductive skills and scientific methods. Another thing Watson does is draw the mission to a satisfactory conclusion. This is also shown in the quote above. Watson always goes with Holmes on day and night trips to offer protection since he has a revolver. This shows his bravery as he offers his life and limbs to protect Holmes and himself. He often goes voluntarily even after Holmes has told him his life may be at risk. This reinforces his indomitability. Villains in Sherlock Holmes stories are always cunning and a good match for Sherlock Holmes. This makes the story more exciting and intoxicating as we dont know if the villain will get away with his crime. The villains are always of high class which makes them harder to track down or suspect as most people wouldnt question them. The villains in Holmes stories vary from classic villains or victims who are the villains. One classic villain is Dr Roylott. He is of high class and and has one of the oldest families in Britain. Another thing is that he is a doctor who has gone sour. This is reflected in the clothes he wears. As he goes to confront Holmes, he wears a black top-hat, a long frock-coat, a pair of high gaiters with a hunting crop swinging in his hands. This shows us that for a high class man, he has no self-esteem and has probably lost his dignity in the process. This definitely makes him a classic villain as he has no alternative but to become a villain to keep what he has left. All of this has an impact on the reader. It makes the reader second look Dr Roylott as they dont think he is a criminal at first but then it makes them look back at that decision and reassess the matter before making a conclusion that Dr Roylott is the villain. After this hectic period, the reader is left on the edge of their seats to find out if he gets away or if Sherlock Holmes and his accomplice catch him in the act. It builds so much tension as they are an even match. It makes the reader want to keep reading to find out what happens. Tension starts to build as soon as Dr Royllott walks in through the door. It has an impact on the reader as they want to know who the strange man is and why he came. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle manages to paint a picture perfect image of the characters into our heads. Doyle does this by using short but powerful adjectives to describe every unique and common feature of their body. He gives the detail over 1 or 2 lines to make it short and snappy. Even though he does this, he is able to paint the picture in our heads to the very last detail. A very stout florid-face elderly gentleman with fiery red hair This quote backs up the fact that the writer uses 1 or 2 lines of detail and is still able to make you imagine what the character looks like. He uses words like fiery which are short and snappy yet effective. It is ideal to describe Mr Wilsons hair colour. Florid is a good word as it lets the sentence flow and is still capable of using it to maximum effectiveness by describing Jabez Wilsons face. Holmes determination is probably the most important part of all Sherlock Holmes adventures. It is shown in all the stories I have read and has helped solve all 3 of the cases. This is because he always perseveres through the tough and easy times. The most iconic out of the 3 stories I read was probably The man with the twisted lip This is because it took him so long to figure out who the criminal was. Instead of turning his back on the case, he persevered and solved the case. He did this with sheer determination. In the end, the criminal was the victim (Neville St Clair). Overall, Sherlock Holmes is a magnificent character. This is because many people thought he was a real person. This shows how good Doyles writing was. Holmes also gave Victorian people hope as many murders and paedophiles lurked the streets. He even was a role model for the police force as trainee police officers were told to read them to show them how to catch criminals. Sherlock Holmes will be remembered for many centuries to come and his scientific way of thinking has been adopted by police forces. He will always be renowned as the greatest fictional and non-fictional detective the world has ever known. Baker Street also has a house where people post messages to Sherlock Holmes as that is where he is believed to have lived.